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Unit6TransportationandShipmentRelatedInformation1.ShipStructureShipsaretheconveyancesrunningatsea.Therearelargesizeandsmallsizeships.However,theirstructuresarealmostthesame.Theyaremainlycomposedofshell,frame,deck,holdsandtanks,andthesuperstructure.2.ShipTypesTherearemanytypesofshipsthattransportcargoesatsea.Accordingtotheiruse,thecargoshipscanbedividedintodrycargoshipsandtankers.DryCargoShipAccordingtotheloadedcargo,structureandcomponents,drycargoshipscanbedividedintosuchasfollows:GeneralcargoshipGeneralcargoshipsrefertotheshipsthatruntermlyinthebusycargotransportingshippinglinesandmainlytransportgrocery.Thespeedoftheseshipsisfast.BulkcargoshipBulkcargoshipsrefertotheshipsthattransportbulkcargoeswithoutpackaging.Accordingtothetypesoftransportedcargoes,bulkcargoshipscanbedividedintograinships,colliersandoreships.RefrigeratedshipRefrigeratedshipsrefertothespecialshipsfortransportingrefrigerantcargoesthatareperishable.Therearerefrigerationsystemsintheships,andthetemperatureintheshipcanbesettomeettherequirementsofcargoesineachfloor.ContainershipContainershipscanbedividedintopartialcontainerships,completeorfullcontainershipsandvariableorconvertiblecontainerships.Rollon/rolloffshipRollingloadingshipsaremainlyfortransportingcarsandcontainers.Loadingdevicesarenotnecessaryfortheseships.Usually,uncorkedslopeisinstalledonthesideorineitherendoftheshiptojointheshiptothedock.Whileloadingandunloadingcargoes,carsortrailcarscandirectlydriveintooroutoftheshipcabins.TankerOilTankerisacargoshipdesignedtocarrycrudeoilinbulkLiquefiednaturalgascarrierisacargoshipdesignedspeciallytocarryliquefiednaturalgas.3.ShipTonnageShiptonnageistheunitforcalculatingshipsize,whichcanbedividedintotwoclasses:weighttonnageanddimensiontonnage.WeightTonnageShipweighttonnageistheunitforcalculatingshipweight.1,000kilogramsisusedas1metricton,2,240poundsas1longton,or2,000poundsas1shortton.Presently,themetricsystemisusuallyappliedasthecalculatingunit.Shipweighttonnagecanalsobedividedintotwoclasses:displacementtonnageanddeadweighttonnage.DisplacementtonnageDisplacementtonnageisthenumberoftonsofwaterweightthatashipinthewaterdisplaces,whicharealsothetonsoftheshipweight.Deadweighttonnage-D.W.T.D.W.T.sometimestermeddeadweightcarryingcapacity,referstothecarryingcapacityofashipintransportation.Itcomprisesthecargo,stores,ballast,freshwater,fueloil,passengers,crewandtheireffects.Itcanbedividedintotwoclasses:grossD.W.T.andnetD.W.T.GrossDeadWeightTonnage:Itreferstothemaximumloadedweightthatisrestrictedwiththeloadedline.Itisthetotaloftheweightofloadedcargoes,necessaryfuel,freshwaterandothersparematerial.NetDeadWeightTonnageorDeadWeightCargoTonnageD.W.C.T.:Itreferstothemaximumweightofloadedcargoesthatashipiscapableoftransporting.Itisalsocalledloadedcargotonnage.Itisthemarginoftheamountofnecessarystorageoffuel,freshwaterandothersparematerialsubtractedfromthetotalofshipload.RegisteredTonnageRegisteredtonnageistheunitusedinshipregistrationinmarinecountries,whichtakestonasthecomputingunit.Oneregisteredtonisequalto100cubicfeetor2.83cubicmeters.Shipsdimensiontonnagecanalsobedividedintogrossandnetregisteredtonnage.Grossregisteredtonnage(GRT)Alsocalledgrossdimensiontonnage,itreferstothetotalinnerspaceorvolumeofallclosedsitesinthespacesonboard.Netregisteredtonnage(NRT)Alsocallednetdimensiontonnage,itreferstothedifferencebetweenthegrosstonnageminustheamountofspacethatisnotusedforshippingcargoes.Itistheequivalentcargotonnagethattheshipcanbeloaded.Lead-in1.ListeningPassage11.A2.C3.BTapeScript:Inshippinggoodsabroad,theexporterhasvariousalternativemethods.Theseincludeship,truck,rail,airandparcelpost.Thechoicewilldependonthenatureoftheproduct(lightorheavy,fragileorsturdy,perishableordurable,highorlowinvaluepercubicmeter,etc),thedistancetobeshipped,availablemeansoftransportation,andrelativefreightcosts.Forgoodshavinghighweightorcubiccapacityorvalueratio,theusualmethodofshippingoverseasisbyoceancargovessel.However,whenspeedisessential,aircargomaybepreferred,althoughmoreexpensive.Forexample,skijacketsareshippedfromGermanytoJapanbyseabuttowardstheendoftheskiseason,aircargoisused.Passage21.C2.ATapeScript:Therearemanyfactorsthatbuyersshalltakeintoconsideration,theyare:Quick.Becauseforeignbuyers,inmakingadecisiontopurchase,willbetakingintoaccounttheexportersdeliverytime.Fastdeliveryisobviouslyanimportantcompetitiveedgeforanexporter.Ofcourse,theactualdeliverydatewilldependonstock,productionaswellasshippingtime.Carefully.Becausetheforeignbuyerallwantstoreceivethegoodsintact.Inthisway,theexportergainscustomersatisfactionandavoidstroubleandexpensesoffillinginsuranceclaimsandreshappingallorpartoftheorder.Economically.Becausethefreightcostcanbeasubstantialpartofthefinalexportprice.Thelowerthefreightcost,themorecompetitivetheexportpricequotation.2.SpotDictationPart11.F2.T3.TTapeScript:Itisnormallybesttouseshipstotransportheavyorbulkygoodsandliquids.Here,reasonablespeedandsafetyiscombinedwitharelativelyeconomicalcost.Inshippingyourgoodsbysea,youcanchoosefromdifferenttypesofoceanshipping:Conferenc