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2AAnintermediatecourseofEnglishlistening.Thirdedition.Unitfour.Partone.Howchildrenlearnsocialbehaviors.2.Exercises.1.Thisisatalkabouthowchildrenlearnsocialbehaviors.Listentothefirstpartofthetalkandthensupplythemissingwordsyouhearfromthetalk.W:Hi,welcome.Todaywearegoingtotalkabouthowchildrenlearnsocialbehaviors,especiallyhowtheylearnlessonsfromthefamily,themostbasicunitofoursocialstructure.Therearealotofdiscussionsthesedaysabouthowfamiliesarechanging,andwhethernon-traditionalfamilieshaveagoodorbadeffectonchildren.Butitimportanttorememberthatthetypeofthefamilyachildcomesfromisnotnearlyasimportantasthekindofloveandsupportthatexistinthehome.Idliketofocusonthreeofthewaysthechildrenacquiretheirbehavior,throughrewards,punishments,andfinallymodeling.Firstthen,letsdiscussrewards.Arewardcanbedefinedasapositivereinforcementforgoodbehavior.Anexampleofarewardiswhentheparentsaysifyoueatyourvegetableyoucanhaveice-creamfordissert,oraparentmightsayfinishyourhomeworkfirstthenyoucanwatchTV.Mostparentsuserewardsunconsciously,becausetheywanttheirchildrentobehavewell.Forexample,aparentmightgiveagifttoachildbecausethechildbehavedwell,orparentsmightgivechildmoneyfordoingwhattheparentsasked.2.Nowlistentothesecondpartofthetalk.Providethemissinginformationinthespacesgivenbelow.Theoppositeoftherewardisapunishment.Punishmentsarethesecondimportantwayinwhichachildissocialized.Allofushaveprobablybeenpunishedinourlives.Forexamplemaybeourparentsstoppedusfromgoingoutwithfriends,becausewedidsomethingwewerenotsupposedtodo,ormaybetheywouldntletuswatchTV,becausewegotabadgradeonthetest.Bothrewardsandpunishmentsarecontroversial.Manypeoplethinktheyarenoteffectiveornecessary,especiallywhenusedoften.Letstakethissituation.Ayoungboyhasbeenaskedtotakeoutthegarbage.ListentosituationA.TheparentssayifyoutakeoutthegarbageformeIwillgiveyouacookie.Somepeoplearguethatthisrewardisunnecessary,becauseitslikeabribe.Theyarguethatthechildshouldbetaughtthatitshisdutytohelpwithhouseholdchords,andthatheshouldnotgetaspecialrewardfordoingsomethingthatshisresponsibility.SituationBwouldgosomethinglikethis.Davidpleasetakeoutthetrashnow.AndDavidsaysOKdad.Notsurprisinglypunishmentisextremelycontroversial,especiallywhenthepunishmentisphysical.Someofusgrewupexpectingtobespankedifwemisbehaved.Forexample,ourparentsmayhavehitusonthehandifwetalkedbacktothem.ButIdontagreethatspankingcanteachchildrenanything.Andsadlysomechildrenaresubjecttoreallyseriousphysicalabuse.AccordingtoastudyIjustreadonein22childrenisavictimofphysicalabuse.Childrenwhocomefromhomeswhereviolencewereusedtosolveproblemsaremuchmorelikelytoabusetheirownchildrenwhentheybecomeadultsandhavetheirownfamilies.Part2.Statements.3.Exercises.Listenandthenchoosetheanswerwhichisclosedinmeaningtoeachstatementyouhear.1.SinceyousaidyoutotallyagreedwithTomsviews,yououghttohavestoodupforhimintheargumentatthemeetingyesterdayafternoon.2.Alanusedtoread2booksaweekwhenhewasattendinguniversityinGermany,butnowhereadstwiceasmany.3.Locatedbythelakesideandsurroundedwithsomanytalltrees,itwouldhavebeenanattractivehouseifithadntbeenpaintedgreen.4.FailingtounderstandwhatprofessorGrownsaidinclass,thestudentswereconfusedaboutthewrittenassignmentthathetoldthemtodo.5.YousaythatGeorgeisgoingtoworkinNewYorkforthesummer.Butcanhedothatandalsogotosummerschool?6.Ijusthavetomakeseveralphonecallsandwillbereadyinafewminutes.Youcangodowntothelobbyforthepaper.7.Itwastherushhourandthetrafficwasextremelyheavyonthestreet.Thebusshouldhavearrivedat8oclock.Butitdidntarriveuntil8:45.8.Jennyisextremelybusythesedays.Shehastospendsomuchtimeinthelibrarytofinishherpapersbeforetheexamsbegin.9.Afterstudyingandteachinginthatwell-knownuniversityfor25years,Charleshasleftthereforgood.Heislivingquietlynowinhishometown.10.Mikesaidhewaslookingforajobinabookstore,butwhenhehadthechancetoworkthereheturneditdown.11.Wetriedtopersuadehimnottogoswimminginthelakebytheforest,butinvain.Heneverlistenstoothers.12.Afterhisdoctortoldhimhowtostayhealthy,Mr.Johnsonhardlyeversmokes,thoughheusedtobeachainsmoker.13.Igotsomebadnewstoday.ThestorewhereIworkislayingoffstaff.Iamworriedthattheyaregoingtoletmego.14.Asamemberoftheboardofthemulti-nationalcompanyhehasnovoiceatallinthematter,thoughhelittlerealizesit.15.Luckyyou!Youfinishedyourexamsandcanrelaxandgotothemovietonight.Ihavestillgottwomorefinalstotake.16.Afterinvestigatingthecaseformorethan2monthsundertheorderofthepublicsecurityminister,thepoliceallbutcaughtthesmugglers.17.Althoughtheaccountantpromisedtohelpbyallhecould,theauditorcalledintoquestiontheaccuracyofthefiguresinthebook.18.Sittingalldayinthereadingroomwithsomanystudentspassingbyhim,theprofessoroftenloseshimselfinbooks.19.IhearthatyouaretakingprofessorBarnscoursenextsemester,ifIwereyouIwouldtakecarefulnotes,hisexamsarebasedonhislectures.20.Ifyouhavenochangefortheparkingmeter,gointotherestaurantrightacrossthestreet.Youwillprobablybeabletochangeadollarbill.Part3.3.Exercises.1.Myfamily.ListentothefollowingconversationaboutSimonsfamily.Andthenchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionyouhear.W:Hello,Si