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Listenthisway-6Unit6FindtheRightWordsPartIGettingreadyAudioscript:TheEnglishlanguagecanbetracedbacktoprehistoricIndo-EuropeanthroughtheWestGermanicline.However,manyotherinfluenceshaveshapedthedevelopmentofModernEnglish.WewillreviewsomeimportantdatesinthehistoryoftheEnglishlanguage.ThefirstthreeareLatininfluences:1.In5,5B.C.CaesarconqueredBritainandtheCelticpeople.2.In43.B.C.Romecolonizedtheisland.3.TheRomansremainedfor400years(thefirstfourcenturiesoftheChristianEra).Thenextsignificantdateswere:4.Theyear499(whichwastheyearoftheAnglo-Saxonconquestoftheisland).5.From500on,theWestGermaniclanguagewasthebasiclanguageofBritain(orEngland).Influencesfromotherlanguagescontinuedhowever.6.InthesixthandseventhcenturiesEnglandwasChristianizedbymissionariessentbythePope(sothatLatininfluencecontinued).Then,7.Intheeig11thandninthcenturiestheNorsemen(Vikings),invadedEnglandwiththeirOldNorselanguage.8.In1066.theNormanConquestbroughtFrenchlinguisticinfluence.9.TheFrenchinfluencecontinuedfor300years(theninthcenturythroughthe11thcentury).10.Andfinally,inthefifteenandsixteenhundreds,whenclassicallearningwasrevived,therewascontinuedLatinlanguageinfluence.Audioscript:1.Peoplearedelightedifyoucanspeaktheirlanguage,andtheydon'tcarehowwellyouspeakit.Theyarenotupsetwhenyoumakemistakes.Ithinkinordertolearn,youmustn'tbeafraidofmakingmistakes.2.I'maveryshypersonandit'snoteasyformetotalktostrangers.Butyouhavetoforceyourselftotalktopeople.That'swhatIdidanditreallyhelpedme.3.Ithinkthebestlanguagelearnersarepeoplewithasenseofhumor.Trytolaughatyourownmistakesanddon'ttakeyourselftooseriously.You'llfindthatotherpeoplewillbesympatheticwhenyoumakemistakes.4.Itooktwocoursesinbusinessstudies.Iread,studied,listenedtolecturesandtooknotesinEnglish.ItwasaverygoodexperienceformebecauseIdidn'thavetimetothinkaboutthelanguage.Irecommendforgettingaboutthegrammarandthinkingaboutthemeaninginstead.5.Inmyexperience,learningaforeignlanguagealwaysinvolvesalotoftime,alotofboringworkandlotsofproblems!Inshort,ifyouwanttolearnanotherlanguageyouhavetoworkhard.6.Trytoreadasmuchasyoucan.Ithinkthat'sthebestwaytoimproveyourEnglishandtolearnmorenewwords.IalwaystrytoreadsomethinginEnglisheveryday.PartIISkillstocommunicatebadnewsAudioscript:AviArdittiI'mAviArdittiwithRosanneSkirble,andthisweekonWordmaster:givingdoctorsbetterskillstocommunicatebadnews.RosanneSkirbleAnthonyBackisamedicaloncologistattheUniversityofWashingtonandtheFredHutchinsonCancerResearchCenterinSeattle.Heandfourcolleaguesareinthefifthyearleadingaprogramfundedwithoneandone-halfmilliondollarsfromtheNationalCancerInstitute.AviArdittiDoctorBacksaysspeciallytrainedactorsplaycancerpatientstohelponcologistslearnhowtoavoidsoundinginsensitivewhentheprognosisisgrim.AnthonyBackProbablythebiggestmisconceptionIfaceisthatyou'reeitherbornwiththisoryou'renot.Infact,whattheresearchshowsisthatpeoplelearntodothisovertime.Andthewaytheylearntodoitistheyseegoodrolemodels,theypractice,theygetspecificfeedbackonwhatthey'redoing,theytry-outnewthings,theyinnovateanddevelopnewconversationalpracticesforthemselves.AviArdittiCanyougiveussomeexamplesofthoseconversationalpractices--whataresomewaystoimpartbadnews?AnthonyBackHere'sanexample:Thepatienthashadcancerinthepast,hasbeendoingwellandiscominginforsomeroutinefollow-uptests.Theroutinefollow-uptestsunexpectedlyshowthecancerhasstartedtocomeback.Thedoctorwilltypicallygoinandsaytothepatient,Guesswhat,yourcancer'sback.Andthepatientwillbejustblownaway,right?Thereareacoupleofpracticestherethatdoctorscandothatcanhelp.Oneistostartwith--especiallyifyoudon'tknowthepatient--askingwhatthepatientexpected,whatdidtheyunderstandabouttheircancer,whatweretheyexpectingwiththistest.BecauseifthepatientsaystoyouYouknow,theydidn'ttellmeanything.I'mjustherebecauseIgotthisappointmentinthemail,that'sonewholekindofcomprehensionlevel.WhereasifthepatientsaysIhadaTlNlMOlungcancerandtheytoldmeIhadafifty-fivepercentchanceofdiseaserecurrenceinthenexttwoyears,that'sawholedifferentstory,right?Thesecondthingisthatafteryougivethisdifficultnews,thenIthinkit'sreallyimportanttoaddressboththecognitivereactionandalsothekindoftheemotionalsideofit.RosanneSkirbleWhataresomeofthephrasesorthewaysinwhichyoucancouchthisnews?AnthonyBackYouknow,thewaytomakeiteasieristomakesurethatyouaregoingfromthecontextthepatientdrewforyou.Soyougofromwhatthepatientunderstandsandyoutrytousetheirwordsasmuchaspossible.Andthen,whenyougettothereallybadpartofthenews,Ithinkit'sactuallyimportanttobedirectandconcreteandnottocouchthenews.It'sbettertosayThecancerhascomebackthantosayTherearehypo-densitiesinyourliverontheCT(or)Youhaveamalignancy.Allthoseeuphemismsforcepatientstostruggletounderstandwhat'shappeningtothem,anditaddstotheirconfusionanddistress.RosanneSkirble:Well,shouldtheysaythingslikeIwishthingsweredifferentorIhopeforthebest,orshouldadoctorkindofmaintainadistance?AnthonyBackYouknow,mythoughtaboutthatactuallyisthatthemoreskilledthephysician,thelesstheyhavetodistancethemselves.Therearesomephrasesthatweuse,andthemostimportantonesarereallytheonesthatareabo