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Chapter1InvitationstoLinguisticsWhystudylanguage?OriginoflanguagehypothesiscreationtheDevineorigintheoryevolutionthebow-wowtheorythepooh-poohtheorytheyo-he-hotheorytheta-tatheoryWhatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.systematic----rule-governedarbitraryvocal----spokenwrittenhumanspecificDesignfeaturesoflanguage1.Arbitrariness:Itreferstothefactthattheformslinguisticssignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.----BySaussureA.ArbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofmorphemeanditsmeaningB.ArbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevelC.Arbitrarinessandconventon2.Duality:Bydualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.----ByLyonssoundwordphraseclausesentencetext3.Creativity/Productivity:Bycreativitywemeanlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.4.Displacement:Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.5.Interchangeability:Anyhumanbeningcanbebothaproducerandareceiverofmessages,whileanimalscannot.6.Culturaltransmission:Itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Youacquirealanguageinaculturewithotherspeakersandnotfromparentalgenes.Functionsoflanguage1.Jakobsonsixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent:speaker,addressee,content,message,code,contacttosumup:aspeakercommunicateswithanaddresseeundercertaincontexttoconveymessageincertaincodeforthepurposeofkeepingcontact.A.referential:toconveymessageandinformationB.poetic:toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsakeC.emotive:toexpressattitude,feelingsandemotionD.conative:topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandentreatiesE.phatic:toestablishcommunionwithothersF.metalingualfunctin:toclearupintentions,wordsandmeaning2.HallidayA.Ideationalfunction:istoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer.B.Interpersonalfunction:toexpresssocialandpersonalrelations.Thisincludesthevariouswaysthespeakerentersaspeechsituationandperformsaspeechact.C.Textualfunction:referstothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.3.conclusionA.informative----HallidayB.interpersonalfunction----HallidayC.performative----Austin&SearleD.emotivefunctionE.phaticcommunionF.recreationalfunctionG.metalingualfunctionWhatislinguistics?Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthescienceoflanguageor,alternatively,asthescientificstudyoflanguage.Mainbranchesoflinguistics1.macrolinguistics:psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,computationallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics2.microlinguistics:phonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmaticsImportantdistinctionsinlinguistics1.Descriptivevs.prescriptiveDescriptive:ifalinguisticsstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguage,itissaidtobedescriptive.Prescriptive:ifthelinguisticsstudyaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheynotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.2.Synchronicvs.diachronicSynchronic:asynchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.Diachronic:adiachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofathroughthecourseofitshistory.3.Langueandparole----SaussureLangue:referstotheabstractlinguisticssystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parole:referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.4.Competenceandperformance----NoamChomskyCompetence:alanguageusersunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticscompetence.Performance:referstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.Supplementfunction:therulelanguageplaceincommunicationorinparticularsituation.