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Chapter1IntroductionI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.18.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.19Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.20.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusersk__________oftherulesofhislanguage.22.Languereferstothea__________linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.23.D_________isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.24.Languageisasystemofa_________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds________.26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag____basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.27.P____referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa________linguistics.29.Languageisp___________inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthes____studyoflanguage.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe______________.A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguistic32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.Meaningfulness33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas____________.A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stable34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because___________.A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowritingB.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongueD.Alloftheabove35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____studyoflanguage.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.comparative36.Saussuretooka(n)__________viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma________pointofview.A.sociological,psychologicalB.psychological,sociologicalC.applied,pragmaticD.semanticandlinguistic37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,____referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.A.paroleB.performanceC.langueD.Language38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_________andmeanings.A.senseB.soundsC.objectsD.ideas39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_________,A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibilityD.culturaltransmission40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough____,ratherthanbyinstinct.A.learningB.teachingC.booksD.bothAandBIV.Definethefollowingterms:41.Linguistics42.Phonology43.Syntax44.Pragmatics45.Psycholinguistics46.Language47.Phonetics48.Morphology49.Semantics50.Sociolinguistics51.AppliedLinguistics52.Arbitrariness53.Productivity54.Displacement55.Duality56.DesignFeatures57.Competence58Performance59.Langue60ParoleV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.62.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Illustrat