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20091.CPUA.B.C.D.2.C32xyzxzintyshortx=127y=-9z=x+yxyzA.x=0000007FHy=FFF9Hz=00000076HB.x=0000007FHy=FFF9Hz=FFFF0076HC.x=0000007FHy=FFF7Hz=FFFF0076HD.x=0000007FHy=FFF7Hz=00000076H3.572x=27*29/32y=25*5/8x+yA.001111100010B.001110100010C.010000010001D.4.Cache162232129CacheA.0B.1C.4D.65.64KBROM4KBRAM2KROM4KRAMROMRAMA115B215C130D2306.16PC12000H06HA.2006HB.2007HC.2008HD.2009H7.RISCA.RISCB.RISCC.RISCCISCD.RISCCISC8.90ns80ns70ns60nsCPUA.90nsB.80nsC.70nsD.60ns9.A.B.C.D.10.4210MHzA.10MB/sB.20MB/sC.40MB/sD.80MB/s11.Cache1000Cache50CacheA.5%B.9.5%C.50%D.95%12.A.B.0C.D.20101..CPU..A.B.C.D.2.48r1=FEHr2=F2Hr3=90Hr4=F8H8A.r1r2B.r2r3C.r1r4D.r2r43.ifdintfloatdoubleintfloatdoubleIEEE754i=785f=1.5678e3d=1.5e10032.i==intfloatI.f==floatintf.f==floatdoublef.d+f-d==fA.B.C.D.4.2K48K80B1FHA.0000HB.0600HC.0700HD.0800H5.RAMROM.RAMROM.RAMROM.RAMROMCache.RAMROMA.B.C.D.6.A.TLBCachePageB.TLBCachePageC.TLBCachePageD.TLBCachePage7.A.MARB.PCC.MDRD.IR8.A.B.C.D.9.A.PCICRTUSBEISAB.ISACPIVESAEISAC.ISASCSIRAMMIPSD.ISAEISAPCIPCI-Express10........A.B.C.D.11.DRAM160012002485Hz50%A.245MbpsB.979MbpsC.1958MbpsD.7834Mbps201112AMIPSBCPICIPCDMFLOPSDMFLOPS13floatIEEE754floatx32FR1x=-8.25FR1AC1040000HBC2420000HCC1840000HDC1C20000HAx-1000.01-1.00001211IEEE7541E-127=3E=130=1000001021+8+23FR1110000001000001000000000000000000011000001000001000000000000000000C104000H14AEPROMBCDROMCDRAMDSRAMB1564MB4M8RAM32MBMARA22B23C25D26D64MBMAR64M26MAR16ABCDAEA=(A)EA=A+EAA+PCEAA+17/CFZFSFOFbgtCABA-B/0CFZF018.Load/StoreABCDDLoad/StoreRISC19CacheACPUBCPUCD20ABCDC21L4L0M4M3M2M1M0Mi=10i4LiL4L0L2L1L3L1A11110B01101C00011D01010D012250MHzAI/O500A200CPUAI/OCPUA0.02%B0.05%C0.20%D0.50%C20050020050010000010000050M=0.20%201212A10090CPUI/OCPU50%I/OAA.55B.60C.65D.7013intshort3216Cunsignedshortx=65530;unsignedinty=x;yA.00007FFAB.0000FFFAC.FFFF7FFAD.FFFFFFFA14floatIEEE754A.2126-2103B.2127-2104C.2127-2103D.2128-210415intshort3216Cstruct{inta;charb;shortc;}record;record.a=273;record0Xc0080Xc008record.cA.0x000xC00DB.0x000xC00EC.0x110xC00D.0x110xC00E16FlashMemoryA.B.MOSC.D.17Cache4Cache1Cache,2LRU0,4,8,2,0,6,8,6,4,8CacheA.1B.2C.3D.418335731256A.5B.6C.15D.3319100MHz32/128A.20nsB.40nsC.50nsD.80ns20USBA.B.C.D.221I/OI.I/OII.I/OIII.A.IIIB.IIIIC.IIIIID.IIIIII22I.II.III.PCA.IIIB.IIIIC.IIIIID.IIIII201312.1.2GHz4CPICPIA50%2B20%3C10%4D20%5MIPSA.100B.200C.400D.60012.CCPI=2*0.5+3*0.2+4*0.1+5*0.2=31.2GHa1200MHzMIPS1200/3=40013.IEEE754C6400000HA.-1.5213B.-1.5212C.-0.5x213D.-0.521213.AIEEE754C6400000H11000110010000000000000000000000-1.521314.8xy[x]=11110100[y]=10110000z=2*x+y/2zA.11000000B.00100100C.10101010D.14.Axy1100000015.8/A.2B.3C.4D.516.256MB4GB4KBTLB4,0FF180H0002H,13FFF1H0035H,002FF3H0351H,103FFFH0153H,03FFF180HA.0153180HB.0035180HC.TLBD.16.A03FFF180H03FFFH180H03FFFH0153H0153180H17.R1000H2000H1000H2000H2000H3000H3000H4000HA.1000HB.2000HC.3000HD.4000H17.D4000H18.CPU1.03GHz41CPU100A.0.25109/B.0.97109/C.1.0109/D.1.03109/18.C41004+(100-1)=103CPU1.03GHz1.03G1.03G*100/103=1.0*109/19.I/OA.PCIB.USBC.AGPD.PCI-Express19.BUSBB20.RAIDI.II.III.IV.CacheA.IIIB.IIIIC.IIIIIVD.IIIIIIV20.BRAID21.10000/6ms20MB/s0.2ms4KBA.9msB.9.4msC.12msD.12.4ms21.B10000/6ms3ms6ms4KB0.2ms0.2ms3+6+0.2+0.2=9.4ms22.I/ODMAA.I/OCPUDMAB.DMAC.I/ODMAD.I/ODMA22.DI/OCPUCPUI/OCPUCPUDMADMACPUI/ODMACPUD201412PM20P70%CPI1.2PMA8.4B11.7C14D16.8xCPI20/x70%0.7xCPI1.224/xPM*CPI=0.7x*24/x=24*0.7=16.8D13x=103y=-258Ax+yB-x+yCx-yD-x-y8-128~127Ax+y=103-25=78AB-x+y=-103-25=-128BD-x-y=-103+25=-78DCx-y=103+25=128127C14floatIEEE754floatxy32f1f2(f1)=CC900000H(f2)=B0C00000HxyAxyBxyCxyDxy(f1)(f2)(110011001001)2(101100001100)2IEEE754(f1)1100110011.001(f2)1011000011.1BD(f1)1.001226(f2)1.12-30(f1)(f2)(f1)(f2)xyA(f1)(f2)411001011,100011(f1)(f2)IEEE7541.xxx(f1)(f2)(f1)(f2)xy15256MB4M8DRAMDRAMA19B22C30D364M88log24M=22DRAM1/222/2=1111+8=19ADRAMDRAMCacheCacheACacheBCacheCCPUDCacheCacheCache1716328StoreStoreA-32768~+32767B-32767~+32768C-65536~+65535D-65535~+6553632832-8=24Store16log216=44424-4-4=1616-32768~+32767A183224A5B6C8D932432*4=1282128+2=130log2130=8130C19/3266MHz()()A132MB/sB264MB/sC528MB/sD1056MB/s3232bit/8=4B66MHz66M66M24B=528MB528MB/sC20ABCD()C21I/OABI/OCPUI/OCI/ODCPUI/OCPUI/OI/ODD22100ns400ns50nsCPUI/OCPUA12.5%B25%C37.5%D50%400ns100ns50ns400ns100nsI/OCPU100ns/400ns=25%B