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()1AZX23122013/1/17.................................................................................2..............................................................................................2............................................................................................20....................................................................................................33...........................................................................................39........................................................................................39........................................................................................46............................................................................55...................................................................................................62....................................................................62....................................................75....................................................................88........................................................................................93.......................................................................89........................................................89....................................................................98()------.1.(Z)======2A=Z+N==AZX3aWm+ambYn-bn.1:()2152180331904:,4191151913:6.1.2.:3.4.:()------12A-ZZZ3111(Z)======11/1836AN2A=Z+N==AZXAZX126C126168O2-ZNAAZXO818Al1427Ar1822Cl3517ClH11HAZX12S2-1618AXn+xx-nAXm-Y-myA-ZZZNH4+1110OH-9103aWm+ambYn-bn1.3717Cl2.10,12,3.RaRn-b()HAZXZN1011H1121H1231H.1()2-----14146C-14146C1231.AB4CD2.A2BCD2E3___________3.bXnaYmaAbmnBbmnCbmnDbmn4.RnxAAAxnBAxnCAxnDAxn()------11-20231.=12345672.=(=)18778910112100183019541869601-2071817P5=12345671HHe212LiNe823NaAr834KKr1845RbXe1856CsRn3267Fr1122671234567717178657(La)71(Lu)15789(Ac)103(Lr)1592(U)1121141161182(18)AB0()AB(AB)77()(3)BBBB10120=(=)18778910XYXY1216133453882()12312312311,,214Li+O2====2Li2O2Na+O2====Na2O222Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H22K+2H2O===2KOH+H23,3K4123,,()NaA142434B263135C51520D111718P511LiCs26(),,+121OLiOi2224L222NaONaO22KOOK2LiRbCs,..22222HKOHOHKNaKRb31,23g/cm-3CCLi1347NaK774Rb668CsKLiNaKRbCs,,()4121234()1VIIA2121217,,21~~~2~~345311H2:F2Cl2Br2I22:.HFHClHBrHIX2+H2===2HX(2)2NaBr+Cl2=2NaCl+Br22NaI+Cl2=2NaCl+I22NaI+Br2=2NaBr+I2,:F2Cl2Br2I241H2(2)(3)071nm099nm114nm133nm71172,,()(100g)F2169g/l15-1881-2196Cl23214g/l0-346-101226cm3Br23119g/cm3205878-72417gI2493g/cm3184411350029g2~~~~~21H2F2H2+F2====2HFHFCl2H2+Cl2=====2HClHClBr2H2+Br2======2HBrHBr500NaBrCCl4KICCl4KICCl4I2H2+I22HBrHIH2:F2Cl2Br2I2:.HFHClHBrHIX2+H2===2HXH2H2O1NaBrKI122KI3(2)2NaBr+Cl2=2NaCl+Br22NaI+Cl2=2NaCl+I22NaI+Br2=2NaBr+I23,:F2Cl2Br2I2(4)1H2231.XFClBrIAX2+H2==2HXBX2+H2O==HX+HXOC2Fe+3X2==2FeX3DX2+2NaOH==NaX+NaXO+H2O2.ABCD3AtAHAtBAgAtCD)(2At4()A.XB.C.D.6FrABFrOHCFr2OD7AtAAt-BCHNO3D()11-182()1n1234567KLMNOPQ2]n=1234567KLMNOPQ1n1234567KLMNOPQ121-21-20KLM1H12He23Li214Be225B236C247N258O269F2710Ne2811Na28112Mg28213Al28314Si28415P28516S28617Cl28718Ar2882(1)2n2(n)(2)8(K2)1832(3)(KLLM)+111(ABCD)AB8C2D182.(1)3Li11Na19K37Rb55Cs(2)9F17Cl35Br53I32He10Ne18Ar36Kr54Xe2888(K2)8(K2)4481.2.118(1)(2)(3)(4)2:(5)3(6)4(7)1(8)2(9)(10)2(11)2()12()()123412118118()1211231021811183181811-18HHenmLiBeBCNOFNenmNaMgAlSiPSClArnm3-911-173-911-1721231NaMg2NaLi3NaNa+4ClCl5FeFe2+Fe3+6Na+Mg2+7O2F_____________________,_______________________________O2F-NaMg2()345678910LiBeBCNOFNe+1+2+3+4,-4=5-3-2-101112131415161718NaMgAlSiPSCLAr+1+2+3+4,-4+5,-3+6,-2+7,-101-18(1)(2)4(3)8(4)(5)01-2+103-10+1+5-4-1011-18+1+7-4-1033-911-173-911-17341ABA.NaMgAlB.NOFC.PSiAlD.CSiP2.ANaFBLiICCsFDLiF3.ACNOFBKMgCSCFClBrIDLiNaKRb4A.FB.Mg2+C.Cl-D.Ca2+()1212()1NaMgAl2NaOHMg(OH)2Al(OH)33SiPSCl4SiH4PH3H2SHCl5H4SiO4H3PO4H2SO4HClO43-911-17()1H2OH+H()23451H2H223FClBrINaMgALSiPLiNaKRbCsNaMgAlSiP411-181112131415161718NaMgAlSiPSClAr------SiH4PH3H2SHCl---Na2OMgOAl2O3SiO2P2O5SO3Cl2O7--NaOHMg(OH)2Al(OH)3H4SiO4H3PO4H2SO4HClO4---MgAl2~3mlNaMgAl2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2MgMgMg+2H2O==Mg(OH)2+H2NaMgAlNaOHMg(OH)2Al(OH)3(1)NaH2O2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2(2)2mL2Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H2(3)NaMgAlNa2OMgOAl2O31234Na2OMgOAl2O3NaMgAlNaOHMg(OH)2Al(OH)3NaOHMg(OH)2H2OAl(OH)3NaOHMg(OH)2Al(OH)3NaMgAlNaMgAlMgAlMgAl2mL1mol/LMgAlMgAlH2MgAlH2MgAlMgAlNaMgAlNaMg+2HCl==MgCl2+H22Al+6HCl==2AlCl3+3H22Na+2H==2Na+H2Mg+2H==Mg2+H22Al+6H==2Al3+3H2NaMgAlSiPSClSiPSClSiPSClH2SiO3H3PO4H2SO4HClO4H2SO4SiPSClSiH4PH3H2SHClH4SiO4H3PO4H2SO4HClO418Ar11-18NaMgAlSiPSCl312Cs,6AF),2AAlSiGe()4IAIIAIIIAIVAVAVIAVIIA012345671RaAAABCDRa(OH)22NaMgANaMg2BNaMgCNaOHMg(OH)2DNaMgCl2Mg3.ClSACl2SH2BHClH2SCHClH2SDCl+7S+64ANaMgAlBI2Br2Cl2CCNODPSCl5.KOHMg(OH)2ANaOHBAl(OH)3CCa(OH)2DRbOH6abAaBBabC1molaH+H21molbH+H2DAB7XYZAXYZBXYZCXYZDXYZ8ABA2+B3+A.:ABB.:ABC.:A2+B3+D.:AB12121.(1)(2)()2MMn+XXm-3..1.2.3.4.-ne-+me-2Na+Cl22NaClNaCl881.(1)(2)()Na+Cl-Na+Cl-2MMn+XXm-3.(1)IAIIAVIAVIIA(2)(3)1AlCl3AlBr3AlI32NH4ClNH4BrNH4CO32SO42OHClNaNaClNaClNaClNaClNaClNaCl+1281+1827e-+182+1828Na+Cl-+me-NaClNa+6Cl