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45%:3002016100mgmg%mg6.25100L201GlyAlaValLeuIlePhePro2TrpSerTyrCysMetAsnglnThr3AspGlu4LysArgHisSH-NH4COOpHpHpIpIpI1/2pK1+pK2,(pK1pK2--)?280nm??570nm10106C1CONHC21-11-1---()()()---3Hb?TR?TR?Hb()?-PrPc-PrPScpHpHpH5.0pHpH280nm0-410?SDS-PAGESDS?pHpH???S?S/SMr/Mr2/31-21-2EdmanDNAmRNA-XDNARNANP9-10%3,5-5DNARNA5-3DNARNA3-OH5353DNARNA2-12-1DNARNADNARNAATCGAUCG-D-2--D-DNAmRNAtRNArRNA/dATPdTTPdCTPdGTPATPUTPCTPGTP98%2%90%10%rRNAtRNA10-20%OD260/OD2801.82.03,5-260nmDNADNA2-22-2DNADNADNADNADNA3,5-DNAmRNAtRNArRNARNAmRNAtRNArRNA2-3RNA2-42-3RNAmRNAtRNArRNARNARNARNARNA5%RNA10%-15%RNA75%-80%L5m7GpppN3polyA53DHUT3CCAOH23S5S28S5S16S18S2-4RNAhnRNARNAmRNAsnRNARNAhnRNAsnoRNARNArRNAscRNA/7SL-RNARNADNADNApHDNADNA?DNA?DNADNA260nmOD?DNADNA50%Tm?TmGCGCTmDNADNA?DNADNADNARNADNARNADNARNA5335RNADNARNA3-13-1RNAHisSerCysGlu-3-23-2B1TPP,-B2FADFMNPPNADNADPB6B12AACPHCO2FH4C???L-3-33-3-VVmax[S]/(Km+[S])VPHpHKm?Km?KmKmVmaxKmVmax1/[S]1/VKm/Vmaxy1/Vmax3-13-1[S][E][E]pHpHpHpHpH1.8pH9.83-4SESE3-53-5IEEESESKmKmVmaxVmax-Km/VmaxX-1/KmY1/Vmax?Mg2+K+?Mg2+?Cl-?S?????SHSS??mRNA?LDH1LDH5?CKCK1BBCK2MBCK3MMNADFADDNARNAATP3-1,3-+NADH+H1ATP1,3-3-+ATP+ATPATP+ATP6-6-+ATP1,6-1,6-3-ATP222ATP6-6--16-1,6-NAD+4-14-16--1AMPADP1,6-2,6-ATP?1,6-?2,6-1,6-ATP6-CoA123CoA?+NAD+ACoA+NADH+H+CO2??TPPFADNADCoAATP?CoA+GTP?-+CO2+NADH+H?-CoA+CO2+NADH+H?+CoA?-+CO2+NADH+H?--CoA+CO2+NADH+H?-+CO2+NADH+H?-CoA+CO2+NADH+H?+FADH2?+NADH+H4-24-2AMPATPCoANADH+H+--ADPATPNADH-Ca2+ATPNADPCoA1)2)3)4)CoAATP4-3ATPATP6-P--16-P-1,6--123-1,3-NAD2or321,3-3-1212CoANAD32-NAD32-CoANAD32CoA12FAD22NAD3236or38*NADH+H3ATP2ATPNADPH+HCO23-P-6-P-36-P-+6NADP26-P-+3-P-+6NADPH+H+3CO21.2.NADPHNADPHNADPHNADPH4-44-4a()abb-1,4--1,6-2ATP1/10ATP+CO2+ATPGTP+GTP????1,6---6-P--1?6-P--6-31)2)3)(Cori)6664-54-56-P-1-6-P-CO2NADPH2ATP3638ATPATP3.896.1mmol/L2-1,2-3-P-1,2-1+ATP3-P23-P3-P+NADH+H33-P1,3-+NADH+H41,3-3-+ATP5+ATP615ATPATP2022NADH+H23ATPHSLACTHTSHE2CoACoA+ATP+ACoA+PPiCoAI-III1FADH223NADH+H4CoA(n-2)CoAn16131ATPATP129ATP2nnCoAn-1FADH2n-1NADH+H+12n+2n-1+3n-117n-5ATP17n-7ATP14114ATP--+NAD++NADH+HHMGCoA1.CoA2.CoA3.0.03-0.5mmol/LCoACoACoACoACoAMn2+CoA+ATP+HCO3-CoA7CoA+7CoA+14NADPH+Hn16CoACoA5-15-1-CoACoACoAICoAFADNADNADPHCoACoACoACO2CoAACP5-25-2H3-CDP-1,2-CDP-1,2-CDP-CDP-CDP-CDP-CDP-CDP-5-35-45-3A221+A112+C3+D+5-41B11+FA2B22+FAD+IB1++?CDP-?CoAC(36ATP)(18CoA)(36NADPH+H+)HMGCoA30C27C5-55-5HMGCoA7-D35-65-6CMVLDLLDLHDLCMVLDLLDLHDLapoB48apoEapoB100apoAAVLDLHDLHDLHDLHDL3HDL2HDL1HDL1HDLcHDL2HDL3HDLHDLHDL3-5HDLapoCII6-16-137(2H)6-26-2INADH-FMNFe-SII-FADFe-Sb560III-CFe-Sb562b566C1IVCCuaa3QcytC6-36-3NADPPHeNADPPPHeFMNB2HeFADB2HeFe-SeCoQHecyteFe-SNADHICoQIIIIVIICoQIIIIVCoAb560b562b566c1caa3O2P/O1ADPATP6-4P/OHADPATPATPADPGDPATPGTPP/OP/OATP-NAD+CoQ2.42.83CytcO2CoQ1.72CytcO2CytcO20.881c(Fe2+)O20.61-0.6811,3-3-(ATP)(ATP)CoA(GTP)6-56-5AIFe-SAIIIcytbcytc1COCN-N2H2SCADPATPATP21kJ/molCoAATPGTPUTPCTPATP6-66-6FMNFADCu2+C2H2O22H2O+O2R+H2O2RO+H2ORH2+H2O2R+2H2OSODCu2+Zn2+()Mn2+()RH+NADPH+H++O2ROH+NADPCytP450221)2)3)81)2)3)4)--B6GPTGOTL--L-L--7-17-11)12)23)3????NNH3ATPATP1ATP1)I2)3)4)7-27-2CPS-IAGACPS-IAGAI7-37-3-GABA5-5-5-5-1.2.CO23.4.?C2C8?dTMPN10-CH2-FH4SAMS-B12N5-CH3-FH4SAMS-SAMMMMBBB?????5-N5-CHO-FH4AA+AA+AA5-5-ATPATPGTPcAMPNADFADUDPGSAMCDP-N5N10-FH4N10-FH4CO2IMP?5-P+ATPPRPP+AMPPRPP?IMPATPGMPAMP?AMP5ATP+1GTP?GMP6ATP+PRPPAMP+PPi(APRT)+PRPPAMP+PPi(HGPRT)+PRPPAMP+PPi(HGPRT)?HGPRT??NDPdNDPNADPH+HNAGUC8-18-16-()6-8-IMPAMPGMP8mg%CO25-PPRPPIMPIMP+GTPAMPIMPXMPXMP+ATPGMPAMP???UMPCTPdTMP?UCCTPCTP?UTdTMPN5N10-FH4?dUMPdUDPdCMP+PRPP+PPi()CTP?+ATPUMP+ADP+ATPdTMP+ADP8-28-25Fu6MPIMP?IMPAMPGMP??CDP+HCO3+2ATP++2ADP+8-38-3CO2PRPPPRPPIIIMPUMPAPRTHGPRTCU-T-ATPNADPH1.50%70%20%30%10%20%2.A3.ATP4.5.6.187.8.9-19-1-6--VLDLLDL--VLDLVLDLCM9-29-2-DNARNA9-39-3AMPATPCoAAMPADPATPCoAATPAMPbAMPG-1-PPiATPG-6-PACoAADPGTPATPNADHPRPPAMPGMPCTPUTPdCTPdATPdTTP?S?SHSSDNADNADNAATGCDNADNADNADNADNA10-110-1DNAdNMPn+dNTPdNMPn+1+PPi53DNADNA10-210-2DNADNA-polIDNA-polIIDNA-polIII535335polIIIIDNA10-310-3DNADNA-polDNA-polDNA-polDNA-polDNA-pol535335DNAIIII1.35DNA-polIDNA-pol2.dG/dAdA/dAdC/dA3.1)2)3)10-410-4DnaADnaBDNADnaCDnaBDnaGRNASSBDNADNADNA10-510-5DNAIII-DNADNAATPDNADNA3-OH5-PATPDNARNADNA10-610-63-OH5-PDNAdNTPPPi(dNTP)n+1RNANTPNTPPPi(NTP)n+1dNTPdNTPPPi(dNTP)n+1DNADNADNADNA()1.DNADnaADnaBDnaCBSSB2.DnaCDnaGDNA3.RNADnaG53()1)dNMPn+dNTPdNMPn+1+PPi2)533)4)DNADNA1000-200053RNA()RNADNApolIDNADNA()E.colioriC11bpATATTTTATAGTTTATARSDNA-polDNA-polRFPCNA()DNA-polDNA-polPCNADNA-pol()DNADNADNAGTRNARNA10-710-7RNAX174M13DNAD-DNA-polDNADNADNATTGN-710-810-8DNADNADNADNADNA10-910-9DNATTDNAUvrAUvrBDNAUvrCDNADNA-polDNA-polDNA-polPCNADNARecARecBRecCSOSDNAUvrRecLexARNA11-111-1dNTP(N=ATCG)NTP(N=AUCG)DNADNADDDPDNARNADDRPDNAmRNAtRNArRNAATGCAUGCTARNADNADNARNADNARNARNA11-211-2RNA211DNARNA-polDNA1RNA11-311-3RNARNAI45S-rRNARNAIIhnRNARNAIII5-SrRNAtRNAsnRNARNA-35TTGACARNA-pol-10TATAATPribnow-DNARNA-pol()-DNA-pppGpN-OH3-35TTGACAGTPATPGTPNMPn+NTP-----(NMP)n+1+PPi-DNA-RNAGCATAU53Pho?Pho?PhoRNApolyC?PhoATPPho?DNARNA-25TATATATADNA?DNA?RNA?GCCAAT?PICD-A-B-DNAAATAAAGTmRNA?5GpppmG?3polyAAAAAA?mRNA?polyAmRNA?hnRNAsnRNAhnRNAmRNADNAsn