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ROTORCRAFTFLYINGHANDBOOK2000U.S.DEPARTMENTOFTRANSPORTATIONFEDERALAVIATIONADMINISTRATIONFlightStandardsServiceiiiiiPREFACETheRotorcraftFlyingHandbookisdesignedasatechnicalmanualforapplicantswhoarepreparingfortheirpri-vate,commercial,orflightinstructorpilotcertificateswithahelicopterorgyroplaneclassrating.Certificatedflightinstructorsmayfindthishandbookavaluabletrainingaid,sincedetailedcoverageofaerodynamics,flightcontrols,systems,performance,flightmaneuvers,emergencies,andaeronauticaldecisionmakingisincluded.Topics,suchasweather,navigation,radionavigationandcommunications,useofflightinformationpublications,andregula-tionsareavailableinotherFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)publications.ThishandbookconformstopilottrainingandcertificationconceptsestablishedbytheFAA.Therearedifferentwaysofteaching,aswellasperformingflightproceduresandmaneuvers,andmanyvariationsintheexplanationsofaerodynamictheoriesandprinciples.Thishandbookadoptsaselectivemethodandconcepttoflyinghelicoptersandgyroplanes.Thediscussionandexplanationsreflectthemostcommonlyusedpracticesandprinciples.Occasionally,theword“must”orsimilarlanguageisusedwherethedesiredactionisdeemedcritical.Theuseofsuchlanguageisnotintendedtoaddto,interpret,orrelieveadutyimposedbyTitle14oftheCodeofFederalRegulations(14CFR).Thishandbookisdividedintotwoparts.Thefirstpart,chapters1through14,covershelicopters,andthesecondpart,chapters15through22,coversgyroplanes.Theglossaryandindexapplytobothparts.Itisessentialforpersonsusingthishandbooktoalsobecomefamiliarwithandapplythepertinentpartsof14CFRandtheAeronauticalInformationManual(AIM).Performancestandardsfordemonstratingcompetencerequiredforpilotcertificationareprescribedintheappropriaterotorcraftpracticalteststandard.ThishandbooksupersedesAdvisoryCircular(AC)61-13B,BasicHelicopterHandbook,dated1978.Inaddition,allorpartoftheinformationcontainedinthefollowingadvisorycircularsareincludedinthishandbook:AC90-87,HelicopterDynamicRollover;AC90-95,UnanticipatedRightYawinHelicopters;AC91-32B,SafetyinandaroundHelicopters;andAC91-42D,HazardsofRotatingPropellerandHelicopterRotorBlades.ThispublicationmaybepurchasedfromtheSuperintendentofDocuments,U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice(GPO),Washington,DC20402-9325,orfromU.S.GovernmentBookstoreslocatedinmajorcitiesthroughouttheUnitedStates.ThecurrentFlightStandardsServiceairmantrainingandtestingmaterialandsubjectmatterknowledgecodesforallairmancertificatesandratingscanbeobtainedfromtheFlightStandardsServiceswebsiteat://—HelicopterFlightControlsCollectivePitchControl..........................................4-1ThrottleControl.......................................................4-1CollectivePitch/ThrottleCoordination.................4-2Correlator/Governor..............................................4-2CyclicPitchControl................................................4-2AntitorquePedals....................................................4-3HeadingControl..................................................4-3Chapter5—HelicopterSystemsEngines....................................................................5-1ReciprocatingEngine..........................................5-1TurbineEngine....................................................5-1Compressor.....................................................5-2CombustionChamber.....................................5-2Turbine...........................................................5-2TransmissionSystem...............................................5-3MainRotorTransmission...................................5-3TailRotorDriveSystem.....................................5-3Clutch..................................................................5-4CentrifugalClutch..........................................5-4BeltDriveClutch...........................................5-4FreewheelingUnit..........................................5-4MainRotorSystem.................................................5-4FullyArticulatedRotorSystem..........................5-4SemirigidRotorSystem......................................5-5RigidRotorSystem............................................5-5CombinationRotorSystems...............................5-5SwashPlateAssembly........................................5-5FuelSystems...........................................................5-6FuelSupplySystem............................................5-6EngineFuelControlSystem...............................5-6Recipro