从句专项在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。定语从句定语从句(attributiveclause),顾名思义,就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当,所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作关系从句。定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例:Thewomanwholivesnextdoorisateacher.先行词定语从句在所有的从句中,算定语从句最难掌握,因为汉语里没有定语从句,汉语里只有定语,而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词宾语从句宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语,将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下:一,引导词A,由that引导的陈述句性的宾语从句,在很多动词如say,think,wish,hope,see,believe,agree,expect,hear,feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用,在从句中不做句子的成分例:Itoldhimthathewaswrong.l在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词引起的宾语从句中,有时谓语尽管是否定意义,却不用否定形式,而将think等动词变为否定形式。例:Idon’tthinkyouareright.(我认为你做的不对)l在许多带有复合宾语的句子中,that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面,而用it做形式宾语。例:Wethinkitwrongthathetoldalietoeveryone(我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)B,由连词if、whether引导的表示“是否…”的宾语从句。Whether,if在从句中不做句子的成分,一般情况下,whether和if可以替换。例:Idon’tknowif/whetherhewillcometomorrow.Theteacheraskedif/whetherwehadfinishedtheexperiment.l在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导例:Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney。l宾语从句中有ornot时不用if引导.例:Idon’tknowwhetherthemoviestarwillcomeornot.l和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.例:Whethertogothereornothasn’tbeendecided.1C,由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,和连接副词when,where,why,how等连接的宾语从句,它们在句中即有连接从句的作用,又在句中充当句子的成分。例:Doyouknowwhichfilmtheyaretalkingabout?(which做定语)Idon’tknowwherehelives.(where做地点状语)二,宾语从句的语序,宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序,既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分例:Ibelievethattheywillcomesoon.HeaskedmewhetherIwasateacher.Theywantedtoknowwhattheycandoforus.二,宾语从句的时态。宾语从句的时态受主句的限制,既:主句是一般现在时态,从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态,从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前,则从句要用过去完成时态。例:1)Shesaysthatsheisastudent.Shesaidthatshewasastudent.2)ShesaysthatshewillflytoJapaninaweek.ShesaidthatshewouldflytoJapaninaweek.3)Shesaysthatshehasfinishedherhomeworkalready.Shesaidthatshehadfinishedherhomeworkalready.4)ShesaysthatshecansingasonginEnglish.ShesaidthatshecouldsingasonginEnglish.l如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时,这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。例:Theteachersaidthattheearthgoesroundthesun.HetoldmethatJapanisanislandcountry.lCouldyoutellme…是用来征询对方的意见,语气委婉,并不表示过去。例:CouldyoutellmewhenwewillvisittheHisturyMuseum?C、同位语从句(一)概念一般来说,在主从复合句中,用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它通常跟在某些名词之后,用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有:advice,decision,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,promise,proposal,reply,report,suggestion,word(消息),problem,question,doubt,thought等。例如:2Theyweredelightedatthenewsthattheirteamhadwon.当听到他们队获胜的消息时,他们欣喜若狂。WheredidyougettheideathatIcouldnotcome?你从哪儿听说我不能来?有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。如:ThethoughtcametohimthatTommighthavereturnedthebook.他突然想起汤姆可能已经还了书了。(二)引导词[寻规找矩]请仔细观察下列句子,注意从句引导词的用法。1.ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.2.Hehasn’tmadethedecisionwhetherhewillgothere.3.Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.4.Ihavenoideawhattheboyisdoinginthenextroomnow.5.Wehaven’tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacationthisyear.6.IhavenoideahowIcangettotherailwaystation.7.Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.[小结归纳]①that引导同位语从句时无词义,也不充当任何成分,但通常不可以省略,如句1;②whether引导同位语从句时意为“是否”,通常不能用if来代替,如句2;③连接代词who,what等可以引导同位语从句,如句3,4;④连接副词where,how,when等可以引导同位语从句,如句5,6,7。(三)that引导的同位语从句和定语从句①意义不同:同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容;而定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词。试比较:1.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchisencouraging.2.Thenewsthatyoutoldusisreallyencouraging.[分析]句1中that引导同位语从句,说明“news”的内容:我们队取得了决赛胜利。句2中that引导定语从句,对“news”加以限定:是你告诉我们的,而非来自其他渠道。②that的功能不同:that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,不充当任何成分;而引导定语从句时,不仅起连接作用,而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。试比较:1.DadmadeapromisethathewouldbuymeaCDplayerifIpassedtheEnglishtest.2.Dadmadeapromisethatexcitedallhischildren.[分析]句1中that引导同位语从句,其中that无词义,也不充当任何成分;句2中that引导定语从句,that指代promise,又在从句中充当主语,且that可以用which替换。③可否省略:that在引导同位语从句时,通常不可省略。在引导定语从句时,若在从句中作宾语,通常可以省略,若作主语则不可以省略。3[即学即用]I.请用适当的词填空,使下列句子意思完整。1.Theyexpressedthehope_______theywouldcomeovertoChinasoon.2.Thefact_______hedidn’tseeTomthismorningistrue.3.Wordhascome_______someAmericanguestswillcometoourcollegeforavisitnextweek.4.Hecan’tanswerthequestion_______hegotthemoneyfromhishomeyesterday.5.Doyouhaveanyidea_______isactuallygoingonintheclassroom?6.Theproblem_______weshouldhavethemeetinginthehallnowmustbedecidedatonce.II.下列各句中均有一处错误,请改正。1.Ourteamhaswonthegame,thatmadeusveryhappy.2.I’vecomewithamessagefromMrWanghowhewon’tbeabletoseeyouthisafternoon.3.Hemustanswerthequestionifheagreeswithwhatshesaidornot.4.I’vereadthebookwhereyougavemethedaybeforeyesterday.5.Oneofthemenheldthepinionwhenwhatthebooksaidwasright.III.把下列句子翻译成英语。1.我向他许诺说我一到北京就给他写信。2.他经常问我这个问题,那就是这个工作是否值得做。3.他什么也不说,这一事实使大家都感到惊奇。4.在我看来,他刚才告诉我的这个消息是真实的。5.他突然想起他本来应该去接儿子的。Key:I.1.that2.that3.that4.how5.what6.whetherII.1that→which2.how→that3.if→whether4.where→that/which或省略where5.when→that6.that→howIII.1.ImadeapromisethatIwouldwritetohimassoonasIgottoBeijing.2.Heoftenaskedmethequestionwhethertheworkwasworthdoing.3.Thefactthathehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedeverybody.4.Inmyopinion,thenews(that/which)hetoldmejustnowistrue.5.Athoughtsuddenlycametohimthatheshouldhavepickeduphisson.4D、状语从句的种类§1状语从句的种类用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为:1.时间状语从句2.地点状语从句;3.原因状语从句;4.条件状语从句;5.目的状语从句;6.让步状语从句;7.比较状语从句;