名词性从句(这个应该不考吧)名词性从句是由if,whether,that和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句,其功同名词一样。一.主语从句1.主语从句的语序主语从句要求使用陈述句语序,而非一般疑问句语序。如:Whatsurprisedmemostwasthatthelittlegirlcouldplaytheviolinsowell.使我感到惊讶的是这个小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。Howhewassuccessfulisstillapuzzle.他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。2.连接词的选用(1)that和what的选用that和what都可引导主语从句。what除起连接作用外,还在名词性从句中充当某些成分,可作从句的主语、宾语或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分,无词义,只起连接词作用。如:Whathewantsisabook.他想要的是一本书。Thatlighttravelsinstraightlinesisknowntoall.众所周知,光线沿直线运行。(2)if和whether的选用引导主语从句,不能用if,只能用whether。如:Whetherwewillholdapartyintheopenairtomorrowdependsontheweather.我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。(3)其它连接代词和副词的选用根据主语从句的具体意义,正确的选择who,which,when,where,why,how等连接词,这些连接词既有疑问含义,又起连接作用,同时在从句中充当各种成分。如:Whenweshallholdoursportsmeetisnotdecided.我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。Whobroketheglassyesterdayisnotclear.还不清楚昨天谁打破了玻璃。Whichcaryouwillchoosetobuymakesnodifference.你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。(4)whatever/whoever的功用whatever,whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义。它引导主语从句,并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。whatever=anythingthat;whoever=anyonewho。要注意和whatever,whoever引导的让步状语从句的区别。如:Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.(主语从句)(=Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished.)Whoeverbreaksthelaw,heshouldbepunished.(让步状语从句)(=Nomatterwhobreaksthelaw,heshouldbepunished.)3.it构成的主语从句(1)由连词that引导的主语从句,在大多数情况下会放到句子的后面,而用代词it作形式主语。如:Itiswell-knownthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.众所周知,地球围绕太阳转。需要注意的是,it作形式主语代替主语从句时,要注意和as引导的定语从句的区别。试比较:ItwasreportedthattheUSwasundertheterroristattack.(主语从句,有that,无逗号)Aswasreported,theUSwasundertheterroristattack.(定语从句,无that,有逗号)上两句意为“据报道,美国遭到恐怖分子的袭击”。(2)常见用it作形式主语的复合句结构aItisafact(agoodidea/apity/ashame/nowonder/goodnews…)that…如:It'sapitythatyoumissedthefilm.你没有看那部电影真是太遗憾了。bItisnecessary(clear/true/strange/important/wonderful/possible/likely…)that…需要注意的是,这类主语从句中,谓语动词很多为“(should)+动词原形”,即要用虚拟语气。如:Itisnecessarythatyou(should)masterthecomputer.你很有必要掌握电脑。ItisimportantthatastudentlearnEnglishwell.学生学好英语很重要。It'sclearthattheybadlyneedhelp.很明显,他们急需援助。Itislikelythatahurricanewillarrivesoon.飓风很可能马上就要到达了。cItisreported(well-known/hoped/thought/expected/said/believed/decided/suggested/ordered…)that…如:Itissaidthathewaskilledintheearthquake.据说他在地震中丧生了。dItseems(happened/appears/doesn'tmatter/makesnodifference/…)that…如:Itseemsthattheywillwinthegame.看起来他们好像会赢得这场比赛。Itmakesnodifferencewhetherhewillattendthemeetingornot.他是否会参加会议都无关紧要。4.必背用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多,有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有:Itissaidthat...据说……Itisreportedthat...据报导……Itiswellknownthat...众所周知……Itisannouncedthat...据宣布……Itisbelievedthat...人们相信……Itisthoughtthat...人们认为……Itisunderstoodthat...自不待言……Itmustbepointedoutthat...必须指出……Itmustbeadmittedthat...必须承认……5.否定转移1)将think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。Idon'tthinkIknowyou.我想我并不认识你。Idon'tbelievehewillcome.我相信他不回来。注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。Ihopeyouweren'till.我想你没有生病吧。2)将seem,appear等后的从句的否定转移到前面。Itdoesn'tseemthattheyknowwheretogo.看来他们不知道往哪去。Itdoesn'tappearthatwe'llhaveasunnydaytomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。3)有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。Idon'trememberhavingeverseensuchaman.我记得从未见过这样一个人。(not否定动名词短语having…)It'snotaplacewhereanyonewouldexpecttoseestrangecharactersonthestreet.在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。(anyone作主语,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)4)有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。Theantisnotgatheringthisforitselfalone.(否定状语)蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。HewasnotreadytobelievesomethingjustbecauseAristotlesaidso.(否定because状语)他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何,就轻信此事。Shehadnotbeenmarriedmanyweekswhenthatman'syoungerbrothersawherandwasstruckbyherbeauty.(否定状语manyweeks)她结婚还不到几个月,这个人的弟弟就看见她了,并对她的美貌着了迷。6.典型例题主语从句是中学阶段的重点语法项目,也是高考的热点之一。为使同学们更好地掌握其用法,本文结合高考试题,对主语从句的考查热点进行梳理,以便帮助大家明确其命题特点,掌握答题技巧。一、恰当选用连词1.考查连词that,whether,what等。that引导主语从句时,只起连接句子的作用,本身没有词义,在从句中也不作句子成分,但通常不能省略。例如:Thatthecollegewilltakeinmorenewstudentsthisyearistrue.今年这所大学将招收更多新生是真的。whether引导主语从句时,表示主语从句意义的不确定性,在从句中不作句子成分,但有词义,作是否解。例如:Whetherhecanfinishhistaskontimeisofgreatimportance.他是否能按时完成任务非常重要。一般说来,已经确定的事情常由that引导,没有决定的事情常由whether引导。what引导主语从句时,意为......的事物,相当于thething(s)that。[原题再现]①________youdon'tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.WhoC.ThatD.Whether②AfterYangLiweisucceededincirclingtheearth,________ourastronautsdesiretodoiswalkinspace.A.whereB.whatC.thatD.how答案:①C②B2.考查whatever,whoever,whichever,whomever等。这些词在从句中不含疑问意义,它们引导主语从句时,whoever=thepersonwho或anyonewho;whatever=anythingthat;whichever意为无论哪一个。[原题再现]________leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.A.AnyoneB.ThepersonC.WhoeverD.Who答案:C3.考查where,when,how,why,wherever以及howmany/howmuch/howfar/howlong/howsoon等。这些词本身有词义,并在从句中作状语。例如:Howtheywillsolvetheseriousproblemhasnotbeendecided.他们将怎样解决这个严重问题还没有决定。Wherewecanlookuphisaddressisstillaproblem.我们在哪儿可以查到他的地址还是个难题。Whyhedidthatwasn'tquiteclear.他为什么做那件事还不十分清楚。Howmuchwaterisflowingcanbeeasilymeasured.有多少水在流动很容易就能测出来。二、it用来作形式主语在某些情况下,可以由it作形式主语,而把真正的主语从句移到句子后面。1.谓语是seem,appear,becertain,beapity,beawonder,beone'shope,belikely等词或短语时。[原题再现]TheForeignMinistersaid,________ourhopethatthetwosideswillworktowardspeace.A.ThisisB.ThereisC.ThatisD.Itis答案:D2.用于Itissuggested/required/ordered/demandedthat...句型中,动词为表示命令、建议、要求等意义的词。主语从句应使用虚拟语气,谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可以省略。例如:Itissuggestedthatyou(should)spendmoretimeinstudyingEnglish.你应该花更