初二常规班杨静老师____________________________________________________________________________________________初中英语语法---复合句本部分内容是中考中必考及常考考点。考点详解:从句的概念:一个句子在另一个句子中充当成分,充当什么成分就做什么状语。一、宾语从句1、宾语从句的引导词➢宾语从句是陈述句时,常用that引导,that无意义,在口语中和非正式与中常省略。如:Theteachertellsus(that)wewillhaveanEnglishtesttomorrow.➢如果宾语从句由一般疑问句转换而来,其引导词用if或whether。一般情况下,二者可以通用,但从句中有ornot或从句充当介词的宾语时,只用whether。如:Idon’tknowif\whethershewillcomehere.Sorry,Idon’tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot➢宾语从句是特殊疑问词时,引导词就是特殊疑问词。如:Couldyoutellmewherethepostofficeis?Theteacheraskedthestudentswhattheyweredoing.2、宾语从句的时态➢主句的时态是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词的时态要根据具体的情况用相应的任何时态。如:Doyouknowwhowastalkingwithat8o’clocklastnight?➢主句的时态为一般过去时,从句的谓语动词要用相应的某一过去时态。如:初二常规班杨静老师____________________________________________________________________________________________HetoldmethathehadbeentoEnglandtwice.➢从句表示的是客观真理、普遍现象,自然现象时,从句的时态一律使用一般现在时。如Shesaidthesunrisesintheeast.3、宾语从句的语序➢在含有宾语从句的复合句中,宾语从句要使用陈述句语序,“引导词+主语+谓语+其他”。如:Iwanttoknowwhenthetrainleft.➢由do,does,did构成的疑问句,在装换成宾语从句时,要去电do,does,did,且从句中的谓语动词要根据主句时态作出相应的变化。如:Doeshesingwell?Themusicteacheraskedhim.---Themusicteacheraskedhimif(whether)hesangwell.➢如果是will,be,have,can组成的疑问句,在变为宾语从句时,要把这些词还原到谓语位置上,并根据主句的时态作相应的变化。如:Willyoubefreetomorrow?Sheaskedme.---Sheaskedmeif(whether)Iwouldbefreetomorrow.4、宾语从句的简化➢当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同时,且主句的谓语动词时hope,wish,decide,agree,choose等时,从句可以简化为不定式。IhopethatIcanreceiveyoure-mail.=Ihopetoreceiveyoue-mail.初二常规班杨静老师____________________________________________________________________________________________当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同,且主句的谓语动词是know,remember,forget,learn等时,从句可简化为“疑问句+不定式”。Shedoesn’tknowwhatsheshoulddonext.=Shedoesn’tknowwhattodonext.5、否定转移在主从复合句中,当主句的主语为第一人称时,谓语动词时think,believe,suppose等时,要将从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定形式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定形式。Idon’tthinkhewillcomewithyou.二、状语从句类型时间状语从句条件引导连词when,while,as,before,after,since,until,assoonasif,aslongas,unless例句Youdidn’tlookverywhenyougotupthismorning.I‘llstayathomeifitrainstomorrow.初二常规班杨静老师____________________________________________________________________________________________状语从句原因状语从句目的状语从句结果状语从句让步状语从句比较状语从句because,since,as,forYoucan’tgotherealonebecauseyouaretooyoung.Pleasesayitinaloudvoicesothateveryonecanhearit.It’ssohotthatwewanttogoswimming.Eventhoughheiseighty,themanlooksstrongandhealthy.HerunsasfastasMike.Sothat,inorderthatso....that\such....thatthough\although,evenif,wheneverthan,as....as,notas\so...as时间状语从句(1)当主句是一般将来时态或祈使句,表示将来的意义时,从句通常用一般将来时,简称“主将从现”。如:I’llringyouassoonasIgetup.(2)when引导的时间状语从句,通常表示主句和从句的动作同时发生;before表示主句的动作发生在从句之前;after则表示主句的动作发生在从句之后;as引导的时间状语从句,往往表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,不分先后。(3)until和till引导的时间状语从句。初二常规班杨静老师____________________________________________________________________________________________①主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时,主句用肯定形式,表示这一动作或状态一直延续到until\till所表示的时间为止。如:I’llwaitforyoutillyoucometoseeme.②主句的谓语动词时非延续性动词时,用否定形式表示主句的动作直到until所表示的时间才发生。构成句式not...until,有时不用not,而用其他如never,nothing等表示否定意义的词。如:Ididn’tgotobeduntilIfinishedmyhomework.(4)since引导的时间状语从句,表示“自.....以来”,主句用一般现在时或现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。机构为:Ithasbeen...since+从句\Itis....since+从句。如:IhaveworkedinthisschoolsinceIgraduatedfromBeijingUniversity.Itis10yearssinceIbegantostudyEnglish.条件状语从句(1)主句为一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。如:I’llvisittheGreatWallifitdoesn’traintomorrow.(2)如果if引导的条件状语从句所表示的前提或条件将来可以实现或正在进行,从句要用现在完成时或进行时,主句通常用将来时。如:Wewillgiveyouagoodpriceifyouarethinkingofbuyingit.(3)”祈使句+and\or+陈述句”中,祈使句在意义上相当于一个条件状语从句。如:初二常规班杨静老师____________________________________________________________________________________________Useyourhead,andyou’llfindaway.=Ifyouuseyourhead,you’llfindaway.原因状语从句(1)原因状语从句通常用because、since、as引导。这三个词所表示的语气依次减弱,用why提问用because来回答。如:Ididthatbecauseshetoldme.(2)如果状语从句所表示的原因是人们已知的事实,就要用since,而不用as或because。Since在这里的意思是“既然”。如:Sinceyoucan’tanswerthequestion,youcanasksomeoneforhelp.目的状语从句(1)引导目的状语从句的词或词组有sothat,inorderthat等,谓语中常含有may,might,can,could,will,would等情态动词。如:Hemustgetupearlysothathecangotoworkontime.(2)当从句主语与主句主语一致时,可用soasto,inorderto.如:Heworkeddayandnightinorderthathecouldsucceed.=Heworkeddayandnightinordertosucceed.初二常规班杨静老师____________________________________________________________________________________________结果状语从句(1)由so...that,such...that引导,其区别:①So+adj\adv+that②Such+a\an+(adj+)单数名词+that③Such+(adj+)复数名词+that④Such+(adj+)不可数名词+that⑤So+adj+a\an+单数名词+that当名词前有many或much修饰时,用so而不用such。如:Sheissuchalovelygirlthatweloveherverymuch.=Sheissolovelyagirlthatweloveherverymuch.Wehavesomuchtimethatwecanfinishtheworkverywell.(2)so...that句型的否定形式可用简单句too...to或not...enoughto代替。Thepeachissosourthatwecan’teatit.=Thepeachistoosourtoeat.=Thepeachisnotsweetenoughtoeat.初二常规班杨静老师____________________________________________________________________________________________三、定语从句含有定语从句的复合句的基本结构:先行词+关系词+定语从句。定语从句的关系词的作用:先行关系词作用例句词that,主语、who,人TheforeignerwhospeaksgoodChineseisfromCanada.宾语whomthat,主语、物Iwantedtoknowwhichschoolitwasyouwentto.which宾语whose宾语人、物Wedon’tliketheboywhosefatherisamanager.when状语时间IstillrememberthedaywhenyouleftforBeijing.where状语地点Thisiswheremymotherworks.why状语原因Couldyouexplainthereasonwhyyouwerelate?关系代词的用法一般情况下,that既可指人又可指物,可以代替w