Unit1LifeChoicesLesson1Lifestyles【学习目标】1.理解动词不定式的概念,了解动词不定式时态和语态的用法并能够对各类用法进行简单举例;2.在语篇中理解和熟练使用动词不定式,并能够判断在句中作何成分。3.掌握并熟练运用本课重点词汇和句型。4.分析文章中的长难句,判断复合句的类型。【学习重难点】1.掌握动词不定式常见的时态和语态的用法,能够在具体语境中熟练运用动词不定式时态和语态。2.能够在具体语境中熟练运用词汇和句型。【学习过程】一、知识梳理:Infinitives(动词不定式)什么是动词不定式?动词不定式(infinitives)是非谓语动词的一种形式。它的构成形式是:todo。不定式的否定形式是在不定式前加not或never,即nottodo/nevertodo。如:tellsbnottodo,advisesbnottodo,asksbnevertodo。动词不定式可以带自己的宾语或状语,构成不定式短语。不定式没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。动词不定式(或不定式短语)在句子中可以作主语、宾语、状语、定语、补语等成分,但是不能作谓语。1.不定式作主语(1)不定式作主语表示具体的动作,通常指一件已知的事或目的。不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Tosayisathing,todoisanother.Togotocollegeismydream.(2)不定式短语较长时,通常放在谓语之后,用it作形式主语。①ItisimportanttolearnEnglishwell.②Itisnecessaryforustodothejobwell.③Itisagreathonortobeinvitedtogiveaspeechhere.2.不定式作宾语(1)todo表示特定、具体、将来的动作。常只用不定式作宾语的动词有want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。①Herefusedtohelpme.②Shehasagreedtocometomorrow.(2)不定式较长时,作宾语,也可用it代替,放在后面。Ifinditdifficulttodothejobwell.Ifeelitnecessarytosetagoalforeverysubject.(3)“特殊疑问词﹢不定式todo结构”具有名词特征,可作宾语。①Shedidn’tknowwhethertogoornot.②Theyhaven’tdecidedwhenandwheretoholdthemeeting.(4)不定式可作介词but,except,besides的宾语,介词前有实义动词do的任何一种形式,后边的不定式就无to;否则必带to。①Iwanttodonothingbutplaythecomputergames.②Ihavenochoicebuttowait.③Shecandonothingbutwaitpatiently.3.不定式作表语(1)不定式作表语放在be和其他系动词后,说明主语的内容。同样,“特殊疑问词﹢不定式todo结构”具有名词特征,也可作表语。①Mytargetistocomeoutfirstintherace.②HisgoalwastoenterthekeyuniversityinBeijing.③ThequestionishowtofindabetterwaytolearnEnglishwell.(2)不定式作主语时,表语也必须为不定式,结构必须保持一致。Toseeistobelieve.(3)如果主语部分的谓语动词或非谓语动词是实义动词do的某种形式,那么作表语的不定式可以省去to。①Thefirstthingtodoisfindherrightnow.②Theonlythinghecoulddowastellthetruthtohisparents.4.不定式作定语不定式作定语表示将来,常放在所修饰的名词或代词后。①Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.(不定式与被修饰名词构成被动关系)Shehasnothingtoeatordrink.②Hiswishtobeanartisthascometrue.(不定式与被修饰名词构成同位关系)③Heistherightmantodothejob.(不定式与被修饰名词构成主动关系)Heisthefirstmantolandonthemoon④Thelittlegirlwasunhappybecauseshehadnofriendstoplaywith.(不定式与被修饰名词构成主动关系)(注:若不定式为不及物动词,其后须加上相应的介词。)Ihaveabigroomtolivein.5.不定式作状语不定式作状语主要是表示目的、原因和结果,可位于句首或句末,但句首时通常用逗号隔开。①Wesetoffearlytocatchtheearlybus.(目的)②Togetagoodresult,sheworkedveryhard.(目的)③Shewasveryhappytogetthefirstprize.(原因)动词不定式放在sorry,glad,surprised,disappointed,excited后面。④Heworkedhardonlytofail.(结果)注:(1)不定式常用在soas或inorder后,与它们一起作状语,表示目的,但soas引起的不定式不可置于句首。Inordertoavoidmistakes,checkyourhomework.(2)不定式表结果时常和only连用,往往表示出乎意料的结果。Hehurriedtothestation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft.(3)“形容词+enough+不定式”和“too+形容词或副词(不表情感)+不定式”也可作结果状语。①Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.②Heistooweaktoraisethestone.但“too+表情感形容词(pleased,ready,glad,willing,anxious等)+todo”表示肯定意义,too前面可用only,but等词修饰。①Theywere(only)tooanxioustoleave.(他们只是太急于离开了。)②Sheis(only)toopleasedtogohome.(她非常高兴可以回家了。)6.不定式作补语不定式作补语表示宾语所所做的动作。另外不定式可作使役动词、感官动词的补语。宾语与作补语的不定式之间是主动关系。(1)后接动词不定式作宾补的常见动词有:want,wish,expect,prefer,like,hate,ask,beg,request,require,beg,get,persuade,invite,advise,order,remind,permit,allow,send等。(2)后接动词不定式作宾补的常见的动词短语有:callon,wouldlike/love,arrangefor,dependon等。Ourheadmastercalledonustoworkhard.(3)动词不定式可作感官动词(五看二听一感觉即:see,lookat,watch,observe,notice,hear,listento,feel)和使让动词(let,make,have等)后面的宾补时,不定式符号to要省略,但如果句子变被动结构,必须带to。表示动作的完成。①Hemadethemclimbthehill.②Theyweremadetoclimbthehill.(4)动词不定式可作形容词的补足语。常见句型为:(一)主语+系动词+表语(convenient/easy/expensive/difficult/hard/impossible/pleasant等)+todo(注:todo常用主动表被动,其中do为vt,主语为todo的宾语。)(二)主语+find/think/consider/believe等+宾语+adj+todo(注:其中todo常用主动表被动,其中do为vt,主语为todo的宾语。)①Theproblemisdifficulttodealwith.Themaniseasytoworkwith.②Hefindstheproblemdifficulttoworkout.(三)疑问词+todo疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如:①WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.(做主语)②Mr.Smithdidn’tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere.(做宾语)③IaskedProfessorXuhowtolearnEnglishwell.(做直接宾语)④Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded.(做表语)以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式。如:Whenweshallleavehasnotbeendecidedyet.7.动词不定式的时态语态(1)时态时态一般式进行式完成式主动语态todotobedoingtohavedone被动语态tobedone无tohavebeendone①一般式:动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生。如:Ihopetobecomeauniversitystudentthisyear.(tobecome发生在hope之后)WeoftenhearDickplaythepianointheroom.(play和hear同时发生)②完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如:I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Wearetooyoungtohaveseentheoldsociety.③进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如:TheteacherhappenedtobecorrectingourpaperswhenIcamein.Theyseemedtobediscussingsomethingimportant.(2)语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式,如:It’sagreathonourformetobeinvitedtoMary’sbirthdayparty.Itwasimpossibleforlosttimetobemadeup.Iwishtobesenttoworkinthecountry.Hewenttothehospitaltobeexamined.二、当堂检测1.用所给动词的适当形式填空。(1)Wedecided_____(try)andfindthisplant.(2)Iwant____(see)themovietomorrow.(3)Theboymadeabigbamboobox____(keep)thelittlebirduntilitcouldfly.(4)Iamsosorry_____(give)yousomuchtrouble.(5)TheChinesepoemwassaid____(translate)intoseverallanguages.(6)Theywerethelastpeople____(arrive)atthemeeting.(7)Whenthefathercamehome,thenaughtyboypretended___(do)hishomework.(8)Tellhim____(notclose)thewindow.2.指出下列不定式在句中充当什么成分。(1)Tolos