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Southwestuniversityofscienceandtechnology本科毕业设计（论文）锂离子电池的工作原理和应用分析学院名称理学院专业名称光信息科学与技术学生姓名杨大华学号20072708指导教师施鹏程讲师二〇一一年六月西南科技大学本科生毕业论文1锂离子电池的工作原理和应用分析摘要：锂离子电池是一种新型的电池，在很多领域中得到了广泛应用。在各种新能源电池中，锂离子电池被认为是最有发展前途的新能源动力型电池之一。本论文通过介绍锂离子电池的原材料与工作原理，提高了对锂离子电池的结构特性和工作机制的认识。通过分析我国锂离子电池的研究动态,指出了我国在锂离子电池技术和产品上已经接近世界先进水平,并且向着更抗衰老，更低回收率，更耐受过充，更长寿命方向发展。最后针对国内动力型锂离子电池发展中存在的主要的六大问题,提出了七个相应的解决方法。关键词：锂离子电池；新能源；工作原理；应用西南科技大学本科生毕业论文22TheWorkPrincipleandApplicationAnalysisoftheLithium-ionBatteryAbstract:Lithiumionbatteryisanewtypeofbattery.Itcanbewidelyusedinmanyfields.Inallkindsofnewenergybattery,lithiumionbatteryisconsideredasoneofthemostpromisingnewenergy.Toknowmoreaboutthestructureoflithium-ionbatterycharacteristicsandworkingmechanisms,thisthesisdescribestherawmaterialsandworkingprinciple.Throughanalyzingofthelithium-ionbatteryresearchingtrends,thetechnologyandproductsofthelithium-ionbatteryareinourcountryareclosingtotheworldadvancedlevel,andfacingtoamoreanti-aging,morelowrecovery,moretoleranceovercharge,longerlifedirection.Finally,accordingtosixproblemsinthedevelopmentoflithiumionbatteries,putforwardsevencorrespondingsolutions.Keywords:Lithium-ionbattery；Newenergy；Workingprinciple；Apply西南科技大学本科生毕业论文33目录第一章绪论······································································································11.1锂离子电池的发展历史··············································································11.2为何A股市场上有锂走遍天下···································································21.3锂离子电池的特点····················································································41.4本论文的研究目的和主要工作···································································5第二章锂离子电池的原材料·················································································62.1正极材料··································································································62.2电解质材料·······························································································72.3负极材料··································································································82.4隔膜·········································································································9第三章锂离子电池的工作原理············································································113.1锂离子电池的分类和结构图·····································································113.2锂离子电池的工作原理············································································12第四章现阶段锂离子电池的应用分析·································································144.1现阶段锂离子电池的应用········································································144.2我国锂离子电池的现状············································································154.2.1国内锂离子电池的研究动态···························································154.2.2历年国内锂离子电池的产量···························································164.2.3历年我国锂离子电池的出口情况····················································164.2.42010年我国各类电池出口情况······················································174.3国内动力型锂离子电池发展存在的主要问题············································174.4针对动力型锂离子电池发展存在问题的几点建议······································18第五章锂离子电池的发展和市场前景·································································205.1锂离子电池的发展障碍············································································205.2锂离子电池的发展趋势············································································205.3锂离子电池的市场前景············································································21结论···················································································································23致谢···················································································································24参考文献············································································································25西南科技大学本科生毕业论文1第一章绪论近年来，油价逐步攀升和城市大气污染日益加重，给人们的生产、生活带来了沉重的压力，传统的燃油汽车交通方式受到越来越多的人质疑，发展对传统化石能源依赖性低以及环境友好的新型交通工具，成为人们的共识。在各种新型交通工具中，以新能源动力为核心的新能源汽车备受瞩目。在各种新能源动力形式中，锂离子电池被认为是最有发展前途的新能源动力形式之一。锂离子电池是一种新型的电池，在很多领域中得到了广泛应用。1.1锂离子电池的发展历史锂离子电池是锂电池发展而来。所以在介绍锂离子电池之前，先介绍锂电池。举例来讲，以前照相机里用的扣式电池就属于锂电池。锂电池的正极材料是二氧化锰或亚硫酰氯，负极是锂。电池组装完成后电池即有电压，不需充电。这种电池也可以充电，但循环性能不好，在充放电循环过程中，容易形成锂枝晶，造成电池内部短路，所以一般情况下这种电池是禁止充电的。1970年代埃克森的M.S.Whittingham采用硫化钛作为正极材料，金属锂作为负极材料，制成首个锂电池［1］。1982年伊利诺伊理工大学的R.R.Agarwal和J.R.Selman发现锂离子具有嵌入石墨的特性，此过程是快速的，并且可逆［2］。与此同时，采用金属锂制成的锂电池，其安全隐患备受关注，因此人们尝试利用锂离子嵌入石墨的特性制作充电电池。首个可用的锂离子石墨电极由贝尔实验室试制成功。后来，日本索尼公司发明了以炭材料为负极，以含锂的化合物作正极的锂离子电池，在充放电过程中，没有金属锂存在，只有锂离子，这就是锂离子电池［3］。当对电池进行充电时，电池的正极上有锂离子生成，生成的锂离子经过电解液运动到负极。而作为负极的碳呈层状结构，它有很多微孔，达到负极的锂离子就嵌入到碳层的微孔中，嵌入的锂离子越多，充电容量越高。同样，当对电池进行放电时（即我们使用电池的过程），嵌在负极碳层中的锂离子脱出，又运动回正极。回正极的锂离子越多，放电容量越高。我们通常所说的电池容量指的就是放电容量。在锂离子电池的充放电过程中，锂离子处于从正极运动到负极，再由负极运动到正极的状态。锂离子电池就像一把摇椅，摇椅的两端西南科技大学本科生毕业论文2为电池的两极，而锂离子就像运动员一样在摇椅来回奔跑。所以锂离子电池又叫摇椅式电池。1.2为何A股市场上有锂走遍天下在能源与环保日益成为全球性热点的大环境下，新能源将是未来的发展方向。作为一种新型的电池，动力型锂离子电池也将迎来爆发式增长。但就目前而言，锂电产业还是一项新兴的产业，相关技术还不够成熟，其应用和推广也还需要一个过程。当前A股市场上相关的上市公司，对锂离子电池及相关产业大多还处在研发等投入阶段，产出尚早。不过，这些因素并不影响A股市场上的各路资