参考资料,少熬夜!TED英语演讲:如何激发每个孩子成为终生阅读者作为一名小学老师,我妈妈竭尽全力确保我有良好的阅读能力。这通常包括周末我的朋友们在外面玩耍时,我们在厨房的桌子旁上阅读课。我的阅读能力提高了,但是这些强迫阅读课并没有激发我对阅读的热爱。作为一名小学教师,我母亲竭尽所能以确保我有良好的阅读能力。她通常在周末时在餐桌前教我阅读,而此时我的朋友们在外玩耍。我的阅读能力提高了,但这种强迫式的阅读教学并没有激发我对阅读的热爱。Highschoolchangedeverything.In10thgrade,myregularEnglishclassreadshortstoriesanddidspellingtests.Outofsheerboredom,Iaskedtobeswitchedintoanotherclass.Thenextsemester,IjoinedadvancedEnglish.到高中时,这一切改变了。在十年级时,我的常规英文课要求阅读短篇故事和测试拼写。因为感觉实在无聊,我要求转去另一门课。在下一个学期,我加入了高阶英语课。Wereadtwonovelsandwrotetwobookreportsthatsemester.ThedrasticdifferenceandrigorbetweenthesetwoEnglishclassesangeredmeandspurredquestionslike,Wheredidallthesewhitepeoplecomefrom?那学期,我们要读两本小说并写两篇读书报告。这两门英语课之间的巨大差异和严格程度让我很生气也引发了像这样的问题,“这些白人是从哪来的?”Myhighschoolwasover70percentblackandLatino,butthisadvancedEnglishclasshadwhitestudentseverywhere.Thispersonalencounterwithinstitutionalizedracismalteredmyrelationshipwithreadingforever.IlearnedthatIcouldn'tdependonaschool,ateacherorcurriculumtoteachmewhatIneededtoknow.Andmoreoutoflike,rebellion,thanbeingintellectual,IdecidedIwouldnolongerallowotherpeopletodictatewhenandwhatIread.Andwithoutrealizingit,Ihadstumbleduponakeytohelpingchildrenread.Identity.黑裔和拉丁美洲裔学生在我的高中占学生总数的70%,但这门高阶英语课上遍布着白人学生这样的制度化种族主义的个人遭遇永久地改变了我与阅读的关系。我发现我不能依赖于一个学校,一位老师或课程来教我那些我需要知道的。主要因为叛逆,而非理智,我决定我再也不会让其他人来决定我应该在何时阅读以及阅读什么。我已偶然发现了一把帮助孩子阅读的钥匙,虽然我当时并没有意识到这一点。那就是认同。Insteadoffixatingonskillsandmovingstudents参考资料,少熬夜!fromonereadingleveltoanother,orforcingstrugglingreaderstomemorizelistsofunfamiliarwords,weshouldbeaskingourselvesthisquestion:Howcanweinspirechildrentoidentifyasreaders?不应只专注于技能和将学生从一个阅读级别升到下一级,或逼迫阅读有困难的学生去记忆不熟悉的字列,我们应当问我们自己这个问题:我们如何启发孩子们认同自己是阅读者?DeSean,abrilliantfirst-graderItaughtintheBronx,hehelpedmeunderstandhowidentityshapeslearning.Onedayduringmath,IwalkuptoDeSean,andIsay,DeSean,you'reagreatmathematician.Helooksatmeandresponds,I'mnotamathematician,I'mamathgenius!迪翔,一位我在布朗克斯区教过的聪明的一年级学生,他帮助我懂得了认同感如何塑造学习行为。有一天在数学课上,我走向迪翔,说,”迪翔,你是个很棒的数学家。“他看着我回答说,”我不是个数学家,我是个数学天才!“OKDeSean,right?Reading?Completelydifferentstory.Mr.Irby,Ican'tread.I'mnevergoingtolearntoread,hewouldsay.ItaughtDeSeantoread,buttherearecountlessblackboyswhoremaintrappedinilliteracy.AccordingtotheUSDepartmentofEducation,morethan85percentofblackmalefourthgradersarenotproficientinreading.好吧,迪翔,是吧?阅读呢?情形完全不同。他说:“尔比先生,我不会阅读。我永远也学不会阅读。我教会了迪翔去阅读,但有无数黑人男孩们仍然是文盲。根据美国教育部统计,超过85%的四年级黑人学生不擅长阅读。85percent!Themorechallengestoreadingchildrenface,themoreculturallycompetenteducatorsneedtobe.Moonlightingasastand-upcomedianforthepasteightyears,Iunderstandtheimportanceofculturalcompetency,whichIdefineastheabilitytotranslatewhatyouwantsomeoneelsetoknoworbeabletodointocommunicationorexperiencesthattheyfindrelevantandengaging.85%!孩子们面对的阅读挑战越多,教育者们所需要的文化能力越高。在过去八年兼职做喜剧演员时,我了解到文化能力的重要性,我认为这种能力可以把你想要别人知道或能够做到的,翻译成他们认为与之有关且愿意参与的交流或体验。Beforegoingonstage,Iassessanaudience.Aretheywhite,aretheyLatino?Aretheyold,young,professional,conservative?ThenIcurateandmodifymyjokesbasedonwhatIthinkwouldgeneratethemostlaughter.Whileperforminginachurch,Icouldtellbarjokes.But参考资料,少熬夜!thatmightnotresultinlaughter.在上台之前,我会评估观众。他们是白人?拉丁美洲人?他们年长、年轻、专业、还是保守?然后我会策划和修改我的笑话依据我对怎样能引发更多笑声的考量。我在教堂表演时可以说个酒吧笑话。但可能根本没人会笑。Asasociety,we'recreatingreadingexperiencesforchildrenthataretheequivalentoftellingbarjokesinachurch.Andthenwewonderwhysomanychildrendon'tread.EducatorandphilosopherPauloFreirebelievedthatteachingandlearningshouldbetwo-way.Studentsshouldn'tbeviewedasemptybucketstobefilledwithfactsbutascocreatorsofknowledge.在社会环境中,我们为孩子们创造阅读体验就像是在教堂里讲酒吧笑话。然后我们纳闷为什么这么多孩子不阅读。教育家兼哲学家保罗·弗莱雷相信教和学应该是双向的。学生们不应被看作是需要被填满事实的空桶,而应是知识的共同创作者。Cookie-cuttercurriculumsandschoolpoliciesthatrequirestudentstositstatue-stillortoworkincompletesilence--theseenvironmentsoftenexcludetheindividuallearningneeds,theinterestandexpertiseofchildren.Especiallyblackboys.一刀切的课程和学校政策要求学生端坐或保持安静——这些环境通常抑制了孩子们的个体学习需求、兴趣和专长。尤其是黑人男孩们。Manyofthechildren'sbookspromotedtoblackboysfocusonserioustopics,likeslavery,civilrightsandbiographies.LessthantwopercentofteachersintheUnitedStatesareblackmales.Andamajorityofblackboysareraisedbysinglemothers.Thereareliterallyyoungblackboyswhohaveneverseenablackmanreading.Orneverhadablackmanencouragehimtoread.Whatculturalfactors,whatsocialcuesarepresentthatwouldleadayoungblackboytoconcludethatreadingisevensomethingheshoulddo?很多给黑人男孩的儿童书籍都聚焦在诸如奴隶制、公民权利和传记这样的.严肃主题。黑人男性在美国教师中占比不到2%。大多数黑人男孩由单亲母亲抚养。甚至还有黑人男孩从来没见过一个黑人男性阅读。或从来没有被一个黑人男性去鼓励阅读。有什么文化因素、社会诱因来使得一个黑人男孩觉得阅读是一件他应该做的事?ThisiswhyIcreatedBarbershopBooks.It'saliteracynonprofitthatcreateschild-friendlyreadingspacesinbarbershops.Themissionissimple:tohelpyoungblackboysidentifyasreaders.Lotsofblackboysgotothebarbershoponceortwiceamonth.参考资料,少熬夜!这是为什么我创立了理发店书籍(BarbershopBooks)。这是一个扫盲的非营利组织旨在理发店里创造对孩子们友好的阅读空间。使命很简单:就是帮助年少的黑人男孩认同自己是阅读者。很多黑人男孩每月去理发店一两次。Someseetheirbarbersmorethantheyseetheirfathers.BarbershopBooksconnectsreadingtoamale-centeredspaceandinvolvesblackmenandboys'earlyreadingexperiences.Thisidentity-basedreadingprogramusesacuratedlistofchildren'sbooksrecommendedbyblackboys.Th