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INTRODUCTIONTOTHEFINNISHENVIRONMENTSeptember2013HeikkiSimolaINTRODUCTIONTOTHEFINNISHENVIRONMENT,13–24.9.2013Mainaimofthecourse:ToprovideageneralviewoftheFinnishsocietyandthenaturalconditions(physicalandbiological)andpresentenvironmentaltopicsinFinland1.Lectures(14h)2.Examination.ThreeopportunitiesavailabledatesandplacesannouncedseparatelyExaminationisonthelecturesplusgivenadditionalmaterialandsources.Grading0–5.EXCURSION-additional(notpartofthiscourse),bustrip,Thursday26.98-16,busfare,ownlunchpackages,rubberbootsrecommended,registrationthroughweboodiIILECTURECONTENTS:PRINCIPALOUTLINEANDMAINTHEMESTheFinnishstateandsocietyPopulation,20thChistoryGeneralsetting–naturalenvironmentofFinlandLandscapeareasClimateGeographyandgeologyVegetationInlandfreshwatersandtheBalticSeaEnvironmentaladministrationandmanagementEnvironmentallegislation;EuropeanUnionandFinlandProtectionofnatureandspeciesNaturereservesandnationalnatureprotectionprogrammesSpeciesprotectionTheenvironmentanditscurrentstateLanduse:Forestmanagement,peatlandutilizationandagricultureIndustryandmunicipalitiesExploitationofnaturalresourcesFinlandgeographicallocationinEuropeFINLANDMAINGEOGRAPHICALSTATISTICSGeographicalpostition:between60oand70onorthernparallelsAreakm2338145Totallandarea304473Waterarea(inlandlakes)33672Boundariestotalkm3940Greatestlengthkm1157Greatestwidthkm542Highestpointm,Haltifjell1328LongestriverkmKemijoki483LargestlakesSaimaasq.km4377Inari1102Päijänne1054Oulujärvi893Pielinen868LargestislandsÅland,mainisland685Kemiö524Population(2010)5357000Populationdensity17.4persons/sq.kmCapitalHelsinki560000HistoricalbordersofFinlandThememberstatesoftheEuropeanUnion,candidatestatesandnon-members1.ProvinceofSouthFinland2.ProvinceofWestFinland3.ProvinceofEastFinland4.ProvinceofOulu5.ProvinceofLappi6.ProvinceofÅland1)Etelä-SuomenlääniHämeenlinna,Helsinki,Kouvola2)Länsi-SuomenlääniTurku,Jyväskylä,Tampere,Vaasa3)Itä-SuomenlääniMikkeli,Joensuu,Kuopio4)OulunlääniOulu5)LapinlääniRovaniemi6)AhvenanmaanlääniMaarianhamina1.ProvinceofSouthFinland2.ProvinceofWestFinland3.ProvinceofEastFinland4.ProvinceofOulu5.ProvinceofLappi6.ProvinceofÅlandTheRegions(18),adminstrationbyRegionalCouncils.PublicregionalauthorityinaccordancewiththeRegionalDevelopmentAct(nationallaw).TheRegionalCouncilofNorthKareliaisafederationownedbytheregion's14municipalities.TheareasofresponsibilityoftheCouncil:Economicdevelopment,regionalplanning,safeguardingofregionalinterestsandcreationoftheknowledgeinfrastructure.TheStateProvincialOfficesactasthejointregionalauthorityforsevenministriesinthefollowingdomains:socialandhealth,educationandculture,policeadministration,rescue,traffic,competitionandconsumerisues,judicialadministrationActunderjurisdictionofseveralministeries543216Populationdensity,2008MaltaNetherlandsBelgiumUnitedKingdomGermanyItalyLuxembourgCzechRepublicDenmarkPolandPortugalFranceSlovakiaHungarySloveniaAustriaRomaniaCyprusGreeceSpainBulgariaIrelandLithuaniaLatviaEstoniaSwedenFinlandSwitzerlandNorwayIcelandJapanUnitedStatesRussianFederationCanada0100200300400500Source:StatisticsFinland,WorldinFiguresPopulationperkm2oflandarea1282,5PopulationdevelopmentinFinland1750-2007Populationpyramids-agestructuresin1917and2006Lifeexpectancy191043yrsand49yrs200676yrsand83yrsPresent-daypopulationsatusEmigrationandimmigrationinFinland1940–2006BabyboomersThelargestforeignlanguagegroups:Finnishspeakers91%Swedish5.4%Sami0.03%Otherlanguages3.6%Populationmobility1945–2005FINNISHCONSUMPTION:elevenfoldincreasein100years•CONSUMPTION:GOODS,SERVICES•Inthe1920s,88%oftheaverageincomewasspenttobasiccommodities:food,drink,tobacco,clothingetc.•Theoldagriculturalsocietywasself-sufficienttoahighdegree:mostgoodsweremadeathome•Radiotransmissionsstarted1926,cinemaspopularin1940s,televisiontransmissions1957•1950sand1960sexpansionofconsumergoodsmarkets:revolutionofpeople’severydaylives•automobiles:decontrolofimports1963•mobilephones,Internet,digitaltelevision(31.08.2007endofanalogtransmissions)Changingpatternofhouseholdconsumption1900–2000Changingemployment1920:70%agriculture,10%industry,5%services2000:2%agriculture,19%industry,32%publicservicesLuxembourgUnitedKingdomIrelandDenmarkAustriaFranceGermanyFinlandSwedenBelgiumNetherlandsItalySpainGreeceCyprusPortugalMaltaSloveniaHungaryCzechRepublicEstoniaSlovakiaLithuaniaLatviaPolandRomaniaBulgariaIcelandSwitzerlandNorwayUnitedStatesCanadaJapanRussianFederation05 00010 00015 00020 00025 00030 00035 00040 000USDperpersonPrivateconsumptionperperson,2006Source:StatisticsFinland/WorldinFiguresINCREASINGSTANDADRDOFLIVING:SummercottagesindicateincreasingwealthSummercottages1970and2006:1970176000and1980251000,1990368000,2006475000cottagesCommunications:phonesandbroadbandconnectionsTheuseandsourcesofenergy1917–2007FuelwoodstoredonamarketplaceinHelsinkiduringthe2ndWW,whencoalimportwastotallyblockedUseofwoodforenergy1879–1999.Woodfelling200665milj.m3;20%ofenergyconsumptionwood-basedfuels.OilconsumptioninFinland1960–20005(left)Sourcesofelectricity1960and2005TransportatationinfrastructureofF