行政法上比例原则探析

121918821958133--4ABSTRACTSincethefoundationofnations,therelationshipbetweenrightandpowerhasattractedmuchattentioninphilosophyoflaw.Administrativepowerisakindoftypicalstatepublicpower,andisakindofmightypowertoo.Becauseoftheappearanceoftheadministrationstations,theadministrativepowerhasexpandedalot,theadministrativefunctionhasincreasedalot,anddiscretionhasbecomethecoreofadministrativepower.Thedominationextensionisalmost“fromcradletograve”.So,ithasbeenanimportantissueinadministrationlawthathowtoensuretheadministrativepowerreachtheadministrativeendswhencommonwealthisnecessary,andatthesametimethemeansittakeswontdamagethecivilright.Thestationsruledbylawneed“administrationmonocracy”,whichrequirestheadministrativejudgmentactionshouldbeholdedinbyboththelawexternalrestrictandtheinternalcontroloflawsprincipleandlawsmental,andthelatterisreallyhardtopractice.Thewriterthinks,theprincipleofproportionalityisthenaturedemesneofjudgmentspace,andhasgoodeffectonrestrictingtheexertionofdiscretion.InGermanlaw,theprincipleofproportionalityisimpartibilitywiththeprotectionoffundamental,whichiscalled“therestrainofrestrain”.Themainfunctionoftheprincipleisthroughsinglecasestoadjustrelationshipbetweenthemeansthepublicpowerexertsandtheendsthepublicpowerwantstoattaintofitforacertainproportion.Thepurposeisto“blendthenecessaryofcommonwealthanddamageoflibertyorright”.Thefactshows,theprinciplehasdonemuchinmanagingtheexertionofadministrativepowerandprotecting5civilright.ButinChina,ithasntreceivedenoughrealization,andthereviewcriteriononjudgmentactionistoolow,whichisharmfulintheprotectionofcivilright.So,itisimportanttousetheprincipleofproportionalityforreference.Therearesixpartsinthisthesis.Inthefirstpart,theauthorstatestheoriginanddevelopmentoftheprincipleofproportionality.RegardingGermanyasanexample,theauthortriestoexplaintheprinciplefromtheviewpointofhistoryfromsprout,developmenttomaturityandperfection.TheprincipleofproportionalitywasoriginatedfromthetheoryofGermanPoliceLawinthe19thcentury.In1882,PrussiaSuperiorAdministrativeCourtformallyacknowledgedthisprinciplebypassingaverdictofthecaseofKreuzbergurtert,whichestablishedthepositionofthenecessityprincipleandmadetheresearchofthenecessityprincipleformallyintotheexpandingperiod.Fromthenon,theprinciplestartedtobeadmittedbythecourtsofstatesinGermanyandthefederalcourtoneafteranother.Buttheneverycourtthoughtthatonlythepunishmentonpolicewasrestrictedbynecessity.InWeimarConstitutionAges,thenecessityprinciplewasformallyadoptedbythelawterms,butatthattime,thecomparisonprincipleintheprincipleofproportionalitydidntcomeout.Soonafterthefundamentallawwasmade,therewastheprovisionofthecomparisonprincipleinthePoliceLaw,presentingthetrendofproclaiminginwriting.In1958,FederalConstitutionCourtappliedtheprincipleofproportionalityinconstitutionintheverdictofthecaseofApothekenurteil,concerningthefreedomofoccupation,regardingtheprincipleasanimportantstandardofwhetherthewayofexertingthenationalpublicpoweraccordedwiththeConstitutiononthesubstancecontentsornot.Thus,theprincipleofproportionalityrosetotherankofconstitutionandbecameanimportantprincipleoftheconstitution.Here,thebroadsenseoftheprincipleisthepresentmeaningoftheprincipleofproportionality,containingthesuitabilityprinciplethenecessityprincipleandthenarrowsenseoftheprincipleofproportionality.BytheinfluenceofGermany,especially,theEGTreatyalsotreatstheprincipleofproportionalityasthegeneralprincipleoftheEC,whichhasthepositionofconstitutionandisoftenusedasajudgingstandardinabundantcasesbytheECcourt.Tosumup,thehistoryoftheprincipleofproportionalityisnotadetectionhistory,butacontrivancehistory,andalsoahistoryofconcept-constructionvariety.Theformationofprincipleisahistoricalresult,fromadottoaline,fromfaultinesstoperfection,fromabstractiontomaterialization,withoutgettingawayfromtheheatdiscussionsinacademicandpracticalcommunities6andabundantpredications.Inthesecondpart,theauthordefinestheprincipleofproportionality.Inthefirst,theauthorilluminatesthenameoftheprinciple.Thereareseveralappropriatenamesfortheprinciple,suchastheequilibriumprinciple,thecorrespondingprinciple,thebalanceprinciple,therationalityprinciple,andtheprincipleofforbiddingexertingthepoweroutofpurview.Buttherearenotdisputesinthecontentsoftheprincipleandonlysomedifferencesindescriptionsofsomecharacters.Astotheconstructionofterminologythereareplentyofdisputesbetweenthethree-ranktheoryandthetwo-ranktheory.Theformerclaimstheprincipleofproportionalitycontainsthesuitabilityprinciple,thenecessityprincipleandthenarrowsenseoftheprincipleofproportionality.Thelatterthinksthatinthethree-ranktheory,thesuitabilityprincipleistheattachmentoftheothertwoprinciples,becausethefunctionofthesuitabilityprincipleisveryweakandtheexertionisoflittleeffect.Theauthoragreesthree-ranktheory,andbringsforwardhisownreason.Inthethirdpart,theauthorexpoundsthereasonoftheprinciplefromthepointofviewofjurisprudence.Inthefieldofphilosophyoflaw,theauthorextensivelydiscussesthenecessityofthedevelopmentoftheprinciple,fromtheviewpointofprotectionoffund