LocalanesthesiaDepartmentofanesthesiologyCuiXiaoGuangWhatislocalanesthesia?Localanestheticsproducestransientlossofsensory,motor,andautonomicfunctionwhenthedrugsareinjectedorappliedinproximitytoneuraltissue.advantageoflocalanesthesia•Convenientandeasy•Safety•Consciousness•Complication•PhysiologicfunctionClassificationoflocalanesthetics•Accordingtostructure:aminoester:procaine,chloroprocaine,andtetracaine.aminoamide:lidocaineandbupivacaine.•Accordingtodurationofaction:short:procaineandchloroprocainemoderate:lidocainelongest:tetracaine,bupivacaine,andropivacaineProcaine•Toxicity:最小•Safety:较高•diffusibilityandpenetratingpower:较差不适合topicalanesthesia多用于localinfiltrationanesthesiaTetracaine•Toxicity:大•Liposolubility:高•Diffusibilityandpenetratingpower:较强起效较慢,topicalanesthesia.•临床上常把丁卡因和起效快的利多卡因混合用于神经阻滞麻醉和椎管内麻醉。Lidocaine•Toxicity:药物浓度有关•Diffusibilityandpenetratingpower:很好•麻醉效能和作用时间:中等程度•有盐酸盐和碳酸盐两种:盐酸盐呈酸性,而碳酸盐为弱碱性且含有二氧化碳,因而起效时间比盐酸盐快而扩散性较好。Bupivacaine•Toxicity:较大,尤其是心脏毒性.•强效和长效的局麻药,起效较快.•临床上常用于神经阻滞、椎管内麻醉以及硬膜外麻醉.Ropivacaine•新型长效酰胺类局麻药,•麻醉效能与布比卡因相似,•毒性比布比卡因低,•浓度适中时能产生运动与感觉神经阻滞的分离,•常用于神经阻滞麻醉、椎管内麻醉和硬膜外镇痛。Toxicityreactionoflocalanesthetics•Concept:血液中局麻药的浓度超过机体的耐受能力,引起中枢神经系统和心血管系统出现各种兴奋或抑制的临床症状•高敏反应(hypersusceptibility):应用小剂量或远低于常用量即发生的毒性反应。Cause•一次用量超过限量;•药物勿入血管;•注射部位对局麻药的吸收过快;•个体差异致对局麻药的耐受力下降。影响毒性反应发生的因素•药理特性:麻醉效能,代谢速度等。•给药途径或注药速度:血管丰富。•机体内环境的改变:酸中毒、高碳酸血症等可降低局麻药引起惊厥的阈值。•机体耐受力显著下降:增加毒性反应发生率,如心、肝、肾功能障碍,维生素缺乏,恶病质或严重感染等。•其他:如高龄、妊娠等,降低对局麻药的耐性。临床表现1—兴奋型•轻度:精神紧张、耳鸣(tinnitus)、多语好动、口舌麻木、头晕(dizziness)、定向障碍(disorientation)、聚焦困难(difficultyinfocusing)、心率轻度增快。•中度:烦躁不安(dysphoria),恐惧(fear),主诉气促(anhelation)甚至有窒息感(apopnixis),但呼吸频率和幅度未见明显改变,心率增快(increasedheartrate),血压升高(bloodpressurestepup)。•重度:呼吸频率(breathingfrequency)和幅度都明显增加,缺氧(hypoxia)症状明显,不同程度的紫绀(cyanosis),心率和血压波动剧烈,肌张力(muscletension)增高,肌肉震(muscletremors)甚至惊厥(convulsion),如不及时抢救,随之可发生呼吸心跳停止。临床表现2—抑制型centralnervoussystemandcardiovascularsystem•轻度:神志淡漠(mindindifference),嗜睡(drowsiness)甚至神志突然消失•中度:呼吸浅而慢,有时呼吸暂停(apnea);•重度:脉搏徐缓(bradysphygmia),心率慢于50bpm,心率失常,血压下降,最终发生心搏停止(heartarrest)。Treatment•立即停止给药;•保持呼吸道通畅:面罩给氧,气管内插管•轻度兴奋者,可静脉注射diazepam0.1-0.2mg/kg,或midazolam,0.05-0.1mg/kg;•惊厥:pentothal1-2mg/kg,琥珀胆碱1mg/kg;diazepamormidazolam•维持循环稳定•呼吸心跳骤停Prevention•严格限量,杜绝逾量•避免误入血管•肾上腺素:无禁忌、血管丰富的组织•体质差、严重并存症:适当减量•术前用药:苯二氮卓类或巴比妥类•提高耐受性•长、短效局麻药混用•提高警惕,早期发现,及时处理Commonlyusedmethodsoflocalanesthesia•Topicalanesthesia•Localinfiltrationanesthesia•Fieldblock•Nerveblockade:cervicalplexusblockbrachialplexusblockTopicalanesthesia•Concept•Indication:眼、耳鼻喉、气管、尿道等浅表手术或内窥镜手术•Anesthetics:最大剂量的1/3~1/21%~2%tetracaineor2%~4%lidocaine•Methods:instill,涂敷法(spreadmethod),喷雾法(nebulization),罐入法Localinfiltrationanesthesia•Concept•Indication:体表短小手术、有创检查和治疗•Anesthetics:procaine,lidocaine,tetracaine,bupivacaine,ropivacaine•Method:•Announcements:Announcements•逐层浸润•神经丰富、粗大神经:加大药量,增加浓度•进针缓慢,改变进针方向时要退针到皮下•常规抽吸注射器•感染、肿瘤Fieldblock•Concept•Indication•Anesthetics,methodandannouncements:thesametolocalinfiltrationanesthesia.Nerveblockade•Concept•Indication•Contraindication:感染、肿瘤、严重畸形、凝血功能障碍和局麻药过敏•Announcements:Announcements•与病人沟通:异感•熟悉定位区的解剖标志•简便、安全和阻滞成功率高的方法•按操作常规,力求准确、轻巧Cervicalplexusblock•Anatomy:C1-4前支;离开横突尖端,分为浅支和深支;颈神经丛浅支在胸锁乳突肌后缘中点穿出深筋膜。Indicationandcontraindication•颈部的手术:甲状腺、颈椎手术和气管切开术等•呼吸困难者禁用•双侧颈深丛阻滞禁用SuperficialcervicalplexusblockadeDeepcervicalplexusblockadeAnesthetics•1%lidocaine•0.25%bupivacaine•0.25%ropivacaine•0.15-0.2%tetracaine•mixedliquorComplication•Epiduralandintrathecalinjections.•Toxicityreactionoflocalanesthetics.•Phrenicnerveblock.•Recurrentlaryngealnerveblock.•Horner’ssyndrome.•Vertebralarterydamage:localhematomaBrachialplexusblock•Anatomy:C5-8andT1;C4andT2Indication•肩关节以下的上肢手术Methods•Interscaleneapproach•Supraclavicularapproach•Axillaryapproach•SubclavianperivascularapproachInterscaleneapproachadvantage•操作简单,对肥胖者或不易合作的小儿•用量少•不易引起气胸Shortcoming•尺神经阻滞不全•损伤椎动脉•星状神经节、膈神经、喉返神经阻滞•误入蛛网膜下腔或硬膜外间隙•不能同时双侧阻滞•气胸Supraclavicularapproachadvantageandshortcoming•仅仅简便,对肌间沟触摸不清的病人•气胸发生率较高•临床上少用Axillaryapproach腋路臂丛阻滞成功的标志•针随腋动脉搏动而摆动•回抽无血•腋窝呈梭形肿胀•上肢发麻发软,前臂不能抬起•皮肤表面血管出现扩张advantage•较易施行阻滞•不会引起气胸•不会造成膈神经、迷走神经或喉返神经阻滞•无误入蛛网膜下间隙和硬膜外间隙的危险Shortcoming•上肢外展困难或腋窝部位有感染、肿瘤不应用此法•容易发生局麻药中毒•上臂阻滞效果较差Subclavianperivascularapproachadvantage•用量少•穿刺中不必移动上肢•局麻药误注入血管的可能性小•不会误注入蛛网膜间隙或硬膜外间隙Shortcoming•气胸•不能同时进行双侧阻滞•穿刺时若无异感,失败率可达50%Localanesthetics•0.25%bupivacaine•0.25%ropivacaine•mixedliquor:1%lidocaineand0.25%bupivacaineComplication•Pneumothorax•Hemorrhageandhematoma•Toxicityreactionoflocalanesthetics•Phrenicnerveblock•Recurrentlaryngealnerveblock•Epiduralandspinalanesthesia•Horner’ssyndroma神经刺激器•工作原理:电流刺激混合神经,引发相应的肌肉收缩并以此作为定位的标志•电流脉冲范围:0.01-5.0mA•频率:1-2Hz操作要点•术前准备•适当镇静•连接:正极—心电电极,穿刺部位周围负极—阻滞针初始电流:1.0mA•定位:肌群收缩,减少电流强度,仍颤搐;回抽无血,注药或置管advantageandshortcoming•定位准确,成功率高,麻醉效果确切•安全性大•并发症少•便于教学•费用较高Indication•腰丛及坐骨神经联合阻滞•腰肌间隙加坐骨神经阻滞•臂丛神经阻滞•颈丛神经阻滞•椎旁神经阻滞•闭孔神经阻滞联合硬膜外麻醉Complication•与盲探法相似•发生率低,尤其是神经损伤