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MaximizingGrowthPerformanceManagingthePigs’Environment提高生长性能，管理好猪的环境MikeEllis麦克艾利斯博士DepartmentofAnimalSciencesUniversityofIllinois伊利诺大学动物科学系Commercialvs.PotentialPerformanceLevels(40to120kgliveweight)从商业到潜在的性能水平(40到120千克活重)Research研究Commercial商业Potential潜在Dailyfeedintake,kg日采食量,千克2.722.253.00Dailygain,g日增重,克10577001300Feed:gain料肉比2.573.212.3Leangrowthrate,g/d瘦肉生长率,克/天425275600商业性能和性能潜力Maximizingtotalfacilityoutput提高设备的总利用率•Keyindexoffacilityoutputis:设备产出量的关键指标Liveweightofpigsproduced/unitoffloorspacekg/squaremeter单位面积所产猪的活重(千克/平方米)Abetterindexofperformancethangrowthrate?比生长率更好的性能指标•Notcalculatedbymanyproducers许多养猪者都不计算•Compromisebetweenindividualanimalperformanceandtotalbuildingoutput个体性能和设备总产量的折中ReducedGrowthRate生长率降低•Causesinclude:原因包括•Genetics遗传•Disease疾病•Gender性别•Birthweight初生重•Diet饲粮•Stockingdensity:floorandfeederspace,groupsize•饲养密度：每猪占地面积和采食槽位，群体大小•Effectiveenvironment:temperature,humidity,andairquality•有效环境：温度，速度和空气质量•Socialenvironment群居环境Temperatureeffectonperformanceingrowingpigs温度对生长猪性能的影响6206406606807007207407607801.751.81.851.91.9522.05Atotalof256YorkshirexHampshireorpurebredDurocpigs(initialweight34.7kg)for4weeks(Hyunetal.,1998)Thermoneutral(24oC)Cycling/High(28-34oC)Thermoneutral(24oC)Cycling/High(28-34oC)ADG,kgADFI,kgGain:Feed,kg/kg0.30.320.340.360.380.4Restrictedspaceallowanceeffectonperformanceingrowingpigs圈栏面积对生长猪性能的影响5606106607107600.30.320.340.360.380.4Atotalof256YorkshirexHampshireorpurebredDurocpigs(initialweight34.7kg)for4weeks(Hyunetal.,1998)Normalspace(0.56m2)Restrictedspace(0.25m2)ADG,kgADFI,kg1.81.851.91.9522.052.1Gain:Feed,kg/kgNormalspace(0.56m2)Restrictedspace(0.25m2)Mixingstresseffectonperformanceingrowingpigs混群应激对生长猪的影响52058064070076082000.10.20.30.40.5Atotalof256YorkshirexHampshireorpurebredDurocpigs(initialweight34.7kg)for4weeks(Hyunetal.,1998)ADG,kgADFI,kg1.81.851.91.9522.052.1Gain:Feed,kg/kgStaticMixedStaticMixed012355065075085095001231.51.71.92.12.32.501230.30.320.340.360.380.40.420.44Effectsofnumberofstressorsonperformance:(a)averagedailygain;(b)dailyfeedintake;(c)gain:feed.应激对日增重日采食量和料肉比的影响TemperatureEffectsonGrowth温度对生长的影响•Comfortzone适温区–Rangeoftemperatureswithinwhichanimalneedstoneitherincreaseheatproductionorincreaseheatlosstomaintainastablebodytemperature动物既不需要增加产热也不需要增加散热就能保持稳定体温的温度范围FloorType:Straw垫草Solid水泥Fully全漏缝地板类型BeddedConcreteSlattedoCoCoCPigletsPre-weaning(Age)哺乳仔猪Day1303132Day3283029Day5242627Day17222425PigsPostWeaning(Weight)断奶猪6kg(dofweaning)2728306kg(oncestartedeating)2627298kg24262810kg21232515kg19202320kg15172130kg13151945kg10121760kg9111690kg81015MEATANDLIVESTOCKCOMMISSION,1999CriticalTemperatures关键温度FloorType:Straw垫草Solid水泥Fully全漏缝地板类型BeddedConcreteSlattedoCoCoCDrySows(ingroups)空怀母猪ServiceArea101215(assumes“Flushing”)Gestation151720FarrowingSows产仔母猪Day1to3postfarrowing182023Day4toweaning161820MEATANDLIVESTOCKCOMMISSION,1999CriticalTemperature关键温度ConsequencesofColdConditions寒冷的后果•Increasedenergyintake增加能量摄入•Increasedmetabolicrate提高代谢率•Increasedheatproduction增加产热•Limitedeffectsongrowthperformance对生长性能影响有限•ReducedfeedefficiencyConsequencesofHotConditions炎热的后果•Reducedfeedintake减少采食•Reducedactivitylevel降低活动水平•Reducedactivity减少活动•Changesindiurnalbehavior(avoidhotconditions)日常行为变化(避热)•Reducedgrowthrate生长率降低10203040506070-505101520253035Ambienttemperature,oCMetabolizableenergy(MJ/d)18kg35kg60kg90kgRelationshipbetweenvoluntaryfeedintakeandambienttemperatureforpigsatdifferentliveweight不同活重猪自主采食量和环境温度之间的关系环境温度(℃)代谢能摄入量(兆焦/天)Temperatureeffectonperformanceingrowingpigs温度对生长猪性能的影响6206406606807007207407607801.751.81.851.91.9522.05Atotalof256YorkshirexHampshireorpurebredDurocpigs(initialweight34.7kg)for4weeks(Hyunetal.,1998)Thermoneutral(24oC)Cycling/High(28-34oC)Thermoneutral(24oC)Cycling/High(28-34oC)ADG,kgADFI,kgGain:Feed,kg/kg0.30.320.340.360.380.4Improvinggrowthperformanceunderhotconditions提高炎热条件下的生长性能•Increaseddietaryenergyconcentration(addedfat)提高日粮能量含量(添加脂肪)–Fastergrowthbutfattercarcasses生长加快但胴体较肥•Reduceddietarycrudeproteinlevels?降低日粮粗蛋白水平？–Lowprotein,syntheticaminoacidfortifieddiets低蛋白、添加合成氨基酸的日粮•Coolpigs对猪降温–Shade阴凉–Increasedventilationrates提高通风率–Increasedevaporativecooling加强蒸发降温•Wallows,drip&spraycoolers,evaporativecoolers泥水打滚，滴水，喷水，蒸发降温器Groupsize群体大小•Commercialgroupsizesrangefrom10to800pigs商品猪群体大小从10到800头•PotentialAdvantagesofLargeGroups大群的潜在优点–Reducedpenning&gates减少分圈和门–Increasedstockingrate增加载畜率–Reducedfacilitycosts减少设备费–Easeofcheckingpigs?检查容易？–Easeofhandlingpigs?容易管理？–Lessmixingofpigsduringtransport转群时混群少Effectofgroupsizeongrowthperformance群体大小对生长的影响(WolterandEllis,2002)Difference(%)betweenlarge(100pigs)andsmallgroups(20pigs)大群（100头）与小群（20头）差异Nursery保育Grow-Finish生长肥育Liveweightatend终末活重-3+1.0Av.dailygain日增重-4.5+2.5Av.dailyfeedintake日采食量-5.90Gain:feedratio肉料比0+3Whyshouldgrowingpigsresponddifferentlytogroupsizethanlargefinishingpigs?为什么生长猪对群体大小的反应与肥育猪不同？•Abilitytochangefeedingbehaviorinresponsetoincreasinggroupsize?增加群体头数引起采食行为的变化？7007508008509009501000105024812GroupSize(pigs/pen)AverageDailyGain,gGrowersFinishers1015202530354024812GroupSize(pigs/pen