水产养殖对环境的影响及其防治对策分析

112111.3250032.325035。2020041302×104t[1]。+35%70%。。。。。1。2[2]。1.1、。[3]pH。、。1.22。[4]。。5kg/m2。N27%~28%23%[2]。N、P。2、、[5]。“”、[2]。2.1。4[5]①②③④。。1%30%1。。。[e-mail][e-mail]315201051JournalofAquacultureVol.31No.5May12010g/kgfeed/dNH30.360~0.7400.034~0.220N0.510~0.960NH30.077~0.086NH30.200~0.840NH30.120~1.200NH30.000~0.600NH30.170~0.410NH30.300~0.990NH30.110~0.580NH30.040NH30.600~1.6802N、NH3。。。l[5]。1.0%~3.7%。[6]TN5.219%、TP1.43%TN131.2t、TP35.9t。TN96.27t、TP34.04tTNTP73.38%94.81%。。2.2、。。。Winberg[7]80%。80%。90%[8]。Elliott[9]。Bev－eridge[10]、。74%。100g25~30g17%3%62%17%。[11]。、、、。、。。[5]。。[12]。2[5]NN[13]。。[14]。。2.3、。70%[15]。533%10~305~101-5302015~201、、、、、、、[2]。Solbe[16]231990。[17]。。、、、。Cravedi[18]7%~9%。7080[17]。[5]。3。、[19]。3.1、pH[20]pH、、。[5]pH。、pH。CO2。pH[21]。3.2DO。。[22]4m、、H2S。[23]DO24h8mg/L。。、DO。DO[624]。3.3。N、P[25]。[20]。[26]NPNP。1kg8g22g30g7g。51%64%[2]。①②③④。3.3.1NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N。100%75%、60%~75%、70%~75%77%~94%[27]。Hall[28]1tN92~102kgN72%~79%NN343158%~78%。NNH4+-N4.92μmol/LNO3--N10.29μmol/L[29]。、、、、、、、100%[30]。N12%~20%[28]。N200mN1/10[3132]。。、、。、、、0.930.36[33]。C、N、P。、。。[3334]。3.3.2PP。Gullmar1000m21.7~2.3tP78%~81%P[35]。P。1t40~45kgP1tP9.0~9.5kg[3637]P。0.94μmol/L126.52μmol/L[32]。[38]P[39]。PP18%[40]。3.3Funge-Smith[41]Paez-Osuna[42]TN、TP24%、84%93%。。、、。[20]。44.1、、、。。。。。N、P、。、。。。4.2、535、、、。、、、[43]。、、。[5]。、、、。[44]、[45][4647]。、。4.3。。。。[24]。。[48]。4.4。、、。、。。、、。[3]。。。[49]。、、。。。。4.5“”。、、、。。、“”。。。。[[1].[J].20063111-118[2].[J].200735237258-7259[3].[J].1998282253-258[4].[J].36311995521-24[5].[J].1997212174-184[6].[J].199566-10[7]WenbergGG.FisheriesResearchBoardofCanadaTransla－tionSeries194[M].Ottawa:ByelorussianStateUniversity1960.[8]BrettJRGrovesTDD.Physiologicalenergetics[M]//HoarWSRandallDJBrettJR.FishPhysiology.London:Aca－demicPress.1979279-352[9]ElliottJM.Energeticsoffreshwaterfish[M]//MillerPJ.FishPhenologyAnabolicAdaptivenessinTeleosts.London:AcademicPress.1979[10]BeveridgeMCMPhillipsMJClarkeRM.Aquantita－tiveandqualitativeassessmentofwastesfromaquaticanimalproduction[M]//BruneDETomassoFR.AquacultureandWaterQuality.BatonRougeLA:WorldAquacultureSociety.1991506-533[11]ButzIVens-CapellB.Organicloadfromthemetabolicproductsofrainbowtroutfedwithdryfood[M]//AlabasterJS.ReportoftheEIFACWorkshoponFishFarmEffluents.RomeFAO.198273-82[12].[J].1989134369-383[13]PenczakTGallickaWMolinskiMetal.Theenrich－mentofamesotrophiclakebycarbonphosphorusandnitrogenfromthecageaquacultureofrainbowtroutSalmogairdneriGlebokieLake[J].JournalofAppliedEcology1982192371-393[14].、[J].1991153:200-206.[15].-[N].20093.16[16]SolbeJFdLGReportoftheEuropeanInlandFisheriesAdvisoryCommissionWorkingPartyonFishFarmEffluents[R].MedmenhamUK:WaterResearchCentre1987[17]BeveridgeMCM.Cageaquaculture[M].Surrey:FishingNewsBooks1987.[18]CravediJ-PChoubertGDelousG.Digestibilityofchlo－ramphenicoloxolinicacidandoxytetracyclineinrainbowtroutandinfluenceoftheseantibioticsonlipiddigestibility[J].Aqua－culture198760133-141[19].[J].2003305204-206235[20].[J].199615222-27[21].[J].1993223-26[22].、[J].19982001134-143[23]..[J].1999180211-15[24].[J].1999180441-43[25].[J].2001251020-22[26].[J].20071502140-146[27].[J].2005122225-231[28]HallPOJHolbyOKollbergSetal.Chemicalfluxesandmassbalancesinamarinefishcagefarm.IV.Nitrogen[J].MarineEcology-ProgressSeries19928981-91[29].、[J].199817274-80[30].[J].2005222-24[31]WuRSS.Theenvironmentalimpactofmarinefishcul－ture:Towardsasustainablefuture[J].MarinePollutionBulletin1995314-12159-166[32].[J].199853126-128[33].[J].2004044-6[34].[J].200518S110-12[35]HolbyOHallOJ.Chemicalfluxesandmassbalancesinamarinefishcagefarm.II.Phosphorus[J].MarineEcologicalProgressSeries199170263-272[36]FolkeCKautskyNTroellM.SalmonFarminginCon－text:ResponsetoBlacketal[J].JournalofEnvironmentalMan－agement199750195-103[37]FolkeCKautskyNTroellM.TheCostsofEutrophica－tionfromSalmonFarming:ImplicationsforPolicy[J].JournalofEnvironmentalManagement1994402173-182[38].[J].200019466-71[39]AckeforsHEnellM.DischargeofnutrientsfromSwedishfishfarmingtoadjacentseaareas[J].AMBIO199019128-35537Abstract:Thetypesofaquaculturethewastedischargecausedbyaquaculturetheinfluencesofaquacul－tureonenvironmentandthepreventionmethodswereintroducedinthispaper.Bytheoverviewofresearchstud－ies,therelationshipofaquacultureandenvironmentcouldbecomprehendedindepthanditwasbeneficialfortherelatedmanagementdepartmentstomakepoliciesorcarryoutstudies.Keywords:aquacultureenvironmentinfluencepreventionstrategyTheinfluencesofaquacultureonenvironmentandthepreventionstrategyanalysisCaiJihan1,LiKai1,ZhengXiangyong2,ShenQiyu1,LvYonglin11.WenzhouFisheryTechniqueSpreadingStationWenzhouFisheryEnvironmentalMonitoringStationWenzhou325003China2．SchoolofLifeandEnvironmentalScienceWenzhouUniversityWenzhou325035China[40]AxlerRLarsenCTikkanenCetal.WaterQualityIs－suesAssociatedwithAquaculture:ACaseStudyinMinePitLakes[J].WaterEnvironmentResearch1996686995-1011[41]Funge-SmithSJBriggsMRP.Nutrientbudgetsinin－tensiveshrimpponds:implicationsforsustainability[J].Aqua－culture19981641-4117-133[42]Paez