环境流体力学尹海龙6污染物在水流中的迁移转化6-1污染物在水体中迁移转化基本形式6-2富营养化模型6-3毒性污染物质模型污染物在水流中的迁移转化再来看紊流扩散方程方程中SC为源、汇项,与污染物在水中迁移转化有关ciitjjSxxCDxCutC2污染物在水流中的迁移转化严重污染河流的黑臭正是因为大量污染物排放,污染物在水流中的衰减导致溶解氧消耗引起的。6-1污染物迁移转化模型S-P模型;Thomas模型;Dobbins-Camp模型;O’Conner模型6-1-1Streeter-Phelps模型OOkLkdtdOLkdtdLs211)(2122122OOKLKxODxOUtOLKxCDxCUtCsStreeter-Phelps假定恒定流:)(2122122OOKLKxODxOULKxCDxCUs6-1-1Streeter-Phelps模型)()(2121012100xxxssxeeLKKKeOOOOeLL222211/411(2/411(2uDKDuuDKDu6-1-1Streeter-Phelps模型若不考虑纵向离散)(211OOKLKxOULKxLUstktktksstktktktkeekkLkeOOOOeDeekkLkDeLL212221121010012010基于S-P模型的河流污染物变化过程Ow,Lw,qO0L0临界点Oc,Lc,tc,xcxO,L临界点参数的推求在临界点:复氧速率=耗氧速率,即021ccDkLkcctksctkceLkkOOeLkkLkkD1102102121,或:0112021121ln1LkkkOOkkkktscK1和k2的修正按照阿仑尼乌斯定律,反应速率常数与温度有关,符合下述关系:根据实验:2020TTkk024.1:;047.1:21kk6-1-2Thomas模型K3为沉浮系数,大于0为沉淀,小于0为上浮。tktkktksstKkeekkkLkeOOOOeLL231231231010)(0)()(2131OOKLKxOULKKxLUs6-1-3Dobbins-Camp模型tktkktksstkkeekkBLkkkLkkPkkBkkeOOOOkkBekkBLL2312313102310113121031310POOKLKxOUBLKKxLUs)()(21316-1-4O’Conner模型DkLkLkdtdDLkdtdLLkkdtdLNNNNN2131tktkNNNtktkktksstkNNtkkeekkLkeekkkLkeCCCCeLLeLLNN22312312023101000分为CBOD降解耗氧和NBOD降解耗氧两个阶段。O’Conner模型tktkNNNtktkkCtksstkNNtkkCCeekkLkeekkkLkeCCCCeLLeLLNN22312312023101000)()(2131OOKLKLKxOULKxLULKKxLUsNNCNNNCC6-1-5有机物降解耗氧速率的测定可用一级动力学反应式来表达含碳有机物在水流中的衰减变化:解析解K1值表征了水体有机物降解速率的大小,是水质模型中的重要参数。CCLkdtdL1tkCCeLL1)0(有机物耗氧速率常数k1估值实验室测定法因为tkceLty12462161246211312111311312111tktktktktktktktktktketk故或令:则:31161tktkLtyatLkkLtytaa3/13/213113163/13/213116aaLkbkLaabkakLa61131有机物耗氧速率常数k1估值例:有一组BOD实验数据如表:求K1和L0。t12345678910y6.511.015.018.020.022.023.024.025.026.0(t/y)1/30.5360.5670.5850.6060.6300.6480.6730.6930.7110.727有机物耗氧速率常数k1估值0.40.50.60.70.8024681012t(d)(t/y)1/3有机物耗氧速率常数k1估值从图上查得:52.0a0207.01052.0727.0b11239.052.00207.066dabklmgakL/76.2952.0239.0113310HuIkk5411.011‘时的修正实验室测定值用于河流有机物耗氧速率常数k1估值有机物耗氧速率常数k1估值野外实测法有机物降解符合故tkeLL1221211lnln1LLxuLLtk6-1-6大气复氧速率河水流动时,水面的大气复氧;上游河水或潮汐河段海水带来的溶解氧;排入河流中的废水带来的溶解氧;水体中繁殖的光合自养型水生植物(如藻类),白天通过光合作用释放氧气,溶于水中。氧垂曲线Cw,Lw,qC0L0临界点Cc,Lc,tc,xcxC,L6-2-1大气复氧水中溶解氧的变化率OOkdtdOS2DkdtdD2TOS6.31468OS饱和溶解氧浓度,D=Os-O,氧亏值,k2为大气复氧速率。T为水温(0C)。大气复氧系数基本形式U,h为平均流速和平均水深,为经验常数。欧康纳-多宾斯公式(O‘Conner-Dobbins)CZ为谢才系数,Dm为分子扩散系数,Jb为河流坡降,n为河床糙率,T为水温(0C)。3212hUk123)17(824)17()(2945.125.05.05.15.02ZbmZmChJDChUDk204037.110774.1TmD欧文斯(Owens)等人公式丘吉尔(Churchill)公式该公式适用条件:0.6m=h=8m,0.6m/s=U=1.8m/s。该公式适用条件:0.1m=h=0.6m,U=1.5m/s。85.167.0234.5hUk673.1696.0203.5hUk6-2富营养化模型QUAL—II模型(Rosner等,1981)用下式模拟藻类净增长A-藻类浓度,右边第一项符号-藻类生长速率,第二项符号-藻类呼吸速率,第三项浓度-藻类沉降浓度。在QUAL—II模型(Rosner等,1981)中,藻类的净产氧量为O-溶解氧浓度,分别为单位质量藻类的产氧量和消耗的氧量,为藻类生长速率,为藻类呼吸速率。AtAAaatO2112藻类生长速率用以下公式表示)20(1max),min()(TsPsNzzPKPNKNIKI)()()(TfNfIfJustusvonLeibig最小定律:植物生长所需的元素中最为短缺的因素限制植物的生长。6-2-2EFDC模式难降解颗粒态有机碳难降解颗粒态有机氮易降解颗粒态有机碳易降解颗粒态有机氮溶解态有机碳溶解态有机氮难降解颗粒态有机磷易降解颗粒态有机磷溶解态有机磷颗粒态生物硅氨氮硝酸盐氮总磷溶解态颗粒态/吸附态有效硅溶解态颗粒态/吸附态细菌浓度大型藻类生物量蓝藻生物量绿藻生物量硅藻生物量溶解氧大气复氧呼吸作用总悬浮固体总活性金属光合作用光或化学需氧量6-2-3WASP模式外部负荷移流扩散边界流量温度盐度光照强度CBODNH3NH3+NO2OPO4ONPYHTOPDO沉积物沉积作用氧化作用反硝化作用矿化作用硝化作用死亡摄入死亡死亡死亡摄入矿化作用沉积作用呼吸作用光合作用沉积作用反硝化作用大气复氧作用沉积作用SOD交换通量水体6-3毒性污染物质模型ActivesoillayerBottomsoillayerSettlingResuspensionsorptiondesorptionvolatilizationHydrolysisBiodegradationOxidationExtrareactionDOCTransportPorewaterDiffusionPorewateradvection(groundwater)Soption/desorptionburialMicrobialdecayphotolysisModelvariables•Threetypesofparticulatematerials(solidsclasses)•Threetypesofchemicals•Eachchemicalhasfivephases-dissolved-sorbedtoeachofsolidsclasses(uptothreeparticulates)-sorbedtodissolvedorganiccarbon•Threechemicalsmaybemodeledindependentlyortheymaybelinkedwithreactionyields•Environmentalparameters(input)-pH-Dissolvedorganiccarbon(DOC)ReactionProductsChemical1Chemical2Chemical3independentChemical1Chemical2Chemical3Linked(case1)Chemical1Chemical2Chemical3Linked(case2)Chemical1Chemical2Chemical3GeneralyieldlostSAVModelApproachBurialrootsSolarPARCO2ShoottorootReduceShearStressWaveWindstressReducesedimentresuspensionLightattenuationReducesedimentconcentrationWavedampingflowresistancePlantGrowthPOMPOMNutrientsUptakeSettlingDecay/grazingAlgaeShadingShootsAttachedalgae5355575961636567697173757779818385878991939597990510152025303540CommercialHarvest(millionsoflbs)VAMD00LivingResourceModelingOyster•Shellfishmodeling(filterfeeder)•Fishmodeling(?)