海洋环境2Legalframework

ThelegalframeworkThelegalframeworkMT6401EnvironmentalShippingMT6401EnvironmentalShippingLecturer:OngHuaSiongLecture1Lecture1--2(11Aug2015)2(11Aug2015)2PresentationPresentationFramework:UnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSea(UNCLOS)Thelegalframeworkfortheprotectionofthemarineenvironment–Structureoftheocean:maritimezones–TheflagStateandtheshipUNCLOS:Provisionsfortheprotectionofthemarineenvironment3OceansOceans71%oftheworldsurfaceiscoveredbywater1845:FirstattemptforastructureoftheoceansbytheRoyalGeographicalSociety,London–AtlanticOcean–PacificOcean–IndianOcean–ArcticOcean–AntarcticOcean4MarineMarine--relatedactivitiesrelatedactivitiesMarineParks;Fishing/ReservationAreasMineralExplorationTransportation;ShippingLanesandSafetyIssuesTourismandRecreationAreasEnvironmentalandEcologicalIssuesMarine“ranching”or“mariculture”5LawoftheSeaLawoftheSea–UnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSea(UNCLOS),1982enteredintoforceon16November1994ProtectionandPreservationoftheMarineEnvironment(PartXII)–Provides“framework”6StructureoftheOceanStructureoftheOcean[accordingtothe1982UNCLOS][accordingtothe1982UNCLOS][InternalWaters]TerritorialSeaContiguousZoneExclusiveEconomicZoneContinentalShelfHighSeasTheArea[Cf.PartIVUNCLOSforArchipelagicStates]7UnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheUnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSeaSeaArt.3:“EveryStatehastherighttoestablishthebreadthofitsterritorialseauptoalimitnotexceeding12nauticalmiles,measuredfromthebaselines[low-waterlinealongthecoast]determinedinaccordancewiththisconvention.”8Art.57:“Theexclusiveeconomiczoneshallnotextendbeyond200nauticalmilesfromthebaselinesfromwhichthebreadthoftheterritorialseaismeasured.”UnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheUnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSeaSea9MaritimeZonesMaritimeZones10MaritimeZonesinAustraliaMaritimeZonesinAustralia11TerritorialSea:LegalStatusTerritorialSea:LegalStatusArt.2(1)UNCLOS:“ThesovereigntyofacoastalStateextends,beyonditslandterritoryandinternalwaterstoanadjacentbeltofsea,describedastheterritorialsea.”12NormalBaselineNormalBaselineArt.5UNCLOS:“ExceptwhereotherwiseprovidedinthisConvention,thenormalbaselineformeasuringthebreadthoftheterritorialseaisthelow-waterlinealongthecoastasmarkedonlarge-scalechartsofficiallyrecognizedbythecoastalState.”13HighSeas:freedomsHighSeas:freedomsArt.87UNCLOS:“ThehighseasareopentoallStates,whethercoastalorland-locked.[…]Itcomprises,interalia,bothforcoastalandlandlockedStates:–(a)freedomofnavigation;[…]–(e)freedomoffishing,subjecttotheconditionslaiddowninsection2;–(f)freedomofscientificresearch,subjecttoPartsVIandXIII.”14HighSeas:statusofshipsHighSeas:statusofshipsArt.92(1)UNCLOS:“ShipsshallsailundertheflagofoneStateonlyand,saveinexceptionalcasesexpresslyprovidedforininternationaltreatiesorinthisConvention,shallbesubjecttoitsexclusivejurisdictiononthehighseas.”15HighSeas:nationalityofshipsHighSeas:nationalityofshipsArt.91(1)UNCLOS:“[…]ShipshavethenationalityoftheStatewhoseflagtheyareentitledtofly.[…].”16HighSeas:HighSeas:““flagsofflagsofconvenienceconvenience””Flagsofconveniencearemainlyusedasameansof:–avoidingpaymentoftaxesandstatutorywage-rates–avoidinginternationalstandards,whicharenotacceptedbytheflagState17HighSeas:genuinelinkHighSeas:genuinelinkArt.91(1)UNCLOS:“[…]TheremustexistagenuinelinkbetweentheStateandtheship.”Whatisa“genuinelink”?–NotdefinedinUNCLOS–Isregistration(nationality)sufficient?–DemonstrationofeffectivejurisdictionWhathappensifthereisnogenuinelinkbetweentheshipandtheflagState?–thatStatemaynotexercisediplomaticprotectioninrespectoftheshipDoesthisaffectthenationalityoftheship?18IMOandtheGenuineLinkIMOandtheGenuineLinkFlagStatesshouldeffectivelyexerciseauthorityoveritsregisteredships;MostofIMO’sworkliesininitiativestostrengthenflagStatejurisdiction;IMOtreatieshaveestablishedasystemofportStatecontrol,enablingimplementationthroughregionalharmonization.19ShipownersShipownersandGenuineLinkandGenuineLinkIMOregulationsonthecompany(ISMCode):responsibleforthesafeoperationoftheshipandprotectionofthemarineenvironmentUNCLOS:UNCLOS:ProtectionofthemarineProtectionofthemarineenvironmentenvironment21GeneralobligationGeneralobligationArt.192UNCLOS:“Stateshavetheobligationstoprotectandpreservethemarineenvironment.”22SovereignrightofStatesSovereignrightofStatesArt.193UNCLOS:“Stateshavethesovereignrighttoexploittheirnaturalresourcespursuanttotheirenvironmentalpoliciesandinaccordancewiththeirdutytoprotectandpreservethemarineenvironment.”23BalanceofPartXIIBalanceofPartXIIgeneralobligation(Interesttoprotecttheenvironment)vs.sovereignrightofStates(Interesttoexploittheirnaturalresources)24Measurestoprevent,reduceandMeasurestoprevent,reduceandcontrolpollutionofthemarinecontrolpollutionofthemarineenvironmentenvironmentArt.194(5)UNCLOS:“ThemeasurestakeninaccordancewiththisPartshallincludethosenecessarytoprotectandpreserverareorfragileecosystemsaswellasthehabitatofdepleted,threatenedorendangeredspeciesandotherformsofmarinelife.”IMO:ParticularlySensitiveSeaAreas(IMO:ParticularlySensit