温室气体二氧化碳排放及捕捉（PDF36页）

MZ1/36GreenhousegasesOzonedepletionGaseousemissionsMariaZevenhovenMZ2/36Greenhouseeffect•Ahottopic......•Whatisgreenhouseeffect•Whichgasescausethegreenhouseeffect•Politiciansdecide:rightorwrong,butchemicalengineershavetocomply•CO2•Ozonedepletinggaseousemissions-greenhouseeffectMZ3/36Greenhouseeffectsource:VesnaBarisicMZ4/36ComparisonofgreenhousegasesGreenhousegas(GHG)Globalwarmingpotential(GWP)CO21CH421N2O310HFCs140-11700PFCs7400SF623900MZ5/36Greenhousegassources•Energybalanceinfluencedby–Changesingreenhousegasesandaerosols,–Changesinsolarradiation–Changesinlandsurfaceproperties•=expressedintermsofradiativeforcing,whichisusedtocomparehowarangeofhumanandnaturalfactorsdrivewarmingorcoolinginfluencesonglobalclimate.•RadiativeforcingisameasureoftheinfluencethatafactorhasinalteringthebalanceofincomingandoutgoingenergyintheEarth-atmospheresystem•Indexoftheimportanceofthefactorasapotentialclimatechangemechanism.•Positiveforcingwarms•NegativeforcingcoolsMZ6/36RFaccordingtoIPCCMZ7/36GreenhouseemissiontargetsMZ8/36Areweontrack?MZ9/36CO2persourceMZ10/36CH4persourceMZ11/36N2OpersourceMZ12/36FluorinatedgasemissionsMZ13/36CO2MZ14/36MeanstoreduceCO2•Improveenergyefficiency•Switchtolesscarbonintensivefuels(Methanol,Fischertropsfuels)•Increaseuseoflowornearzerocarbonenergysources(electricity,H2)•Biomassifsustainablegrown•SequesterCO2throughenhancementofbiologicalsinks•Biomass•Ocean•Atmosphere•Sediment•CO2captureandstorage•pre-combustion•post-combustion•transport•oceanstorage•geologicalstorage•mineralstorageMZ15/36CO2CaptureSourceIPCC,2005MZ16/36PostcombustionCO2captureDisadvantages-Highenergypenalty-DegradationofsorbentbyNOxandSOx(andO2)Advantages–Nonewcombustionplantsneeded–Canbefittedtooldornewplant–HasbeendemonstratedSourceIPCC,2005MZ17/36Pre-combustionCO2capture•Advantages–CO2athighpartialpressures–Solventscrubbingisproventechnology–Benefitsfromimprovedgasturbinedesigns•Disadvantages–Partialoxidationorgasificationisneeded,addscomplexity–Gasificationisquitedifferentfromcombustion–Notwidelydemonstrated,reliabilityisanissueCoalCoalpreparationgasificationO2gascoolingandclean-upH2OgasshiftH2S,CO2removalsynthesisseparationliquidfuelunconvertedsynthesisgasH2OgasshiftCO2removalseparationpurgegasH2powerislandelectricityH2OtransportandstorageairASUSourceIPCC,2005MZ18/36Oxyfuelcombustioncapture•Advantages–CO2recycledoesn’tgivemuchproblems–SignificantNOxreduction–Betterheattransfer–SmalleramoutoffluegasDisadvantagesHighcostsforO2OnlydemonstratedatsmallscaleandspecialcasesSourceIPCC,2005MZ19/36Capturein(highenergy)industry•Thelargertheplant,thebetter•Cementplantscanusepost-combustionorswitchtooxyfuel•Ironandsteelplantshavemanyoptions(andarelarge!)•Oilrefineriesareinasimilarsituationaspowerproducers(manyheatersandfurnaces)•H2andNH3producerscanusepre-combustiontechnology,butamountsaresmall(butveryattractive)•Naturalgasproducerscanhavehigh-CO2gas,butalsohereforthebestcasestheamountsaresmallMZ20/36CO2transport•Animportantbutnotamajorcostfactor.Compressionshouldnotbeforgotten.•Pipelinesareoperatedoverlargedistancesforallsortsofgasesundersometimesextremeconditions.•PipelinesofCO2arenotnew,inusefor2500km.•”Pipelinequality”CO2shouldbedryandfreeofH2S(avoidingcorrosion).•Alternatively,marinetankerscanbeused,orevenrailorroadtankers.SourceIPCC,2005MZ21/36GeologicalstorageoptionsSourceIPCC,2005MZ22/36LeakageformCO2storageSourceIPCC,2005MZ23/36OceanstorageSourceIPCC,2005MZ24/36MineralstorageofCO2SourceIPCC,2005MZ25/36MaturityofcapturesystemsSourceIPCC,2005MZ26/36Summary•Wethergreenhouseeffectiscausedbyhumansornotisnotaissueinthiscourse.•CO2greenhousegasavailableinlargestamount,thushighpriority•Reduction–Improveenergyefficiency–Switchtolesscarbonintensivefuels(Methanol,Fischertropsfuels)–Increaseuseoflowornearzerocarbonenergysources(electricity,H2)–Biomassifsustainablegrown–SequesterCO2throughenhancementofbiologicalsinks–CO2captureandstorageMZ27/36OzonedepletionMZ28/36Troposphericozone•Troposphericozonecomesfromseveralsources.•Biomassburningandindustrialactivityproducecarbonmonoxide(CO)andvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)whichareoxidizedtoformozone.•Nitrogenoxides(NOx)fromindustrialprocesses,biomassburning,automobileexhaustandlightningalsoformtroposphericozone.•Asmallamountoftroposphericozonealsocomesfromthestratosphericozonelayer.://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Aura/Aura_3.htmlMZ31/36Stratosphericozone•ThestratosphericozonelayershieldslifeonEarthfromtheSun’sharmfulultravioletradiation.•Chemicalsthatdestroyozoneareformedbyindustrialandnaturalprocesses.•Withtheexceptionofvolcanicinjectionandaircraftexhaust,thesechemicalsarecarriedupintothestratospherebystrongupward-movingaircurrentsinthetropics.Methane(CH4),chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs),nitrousoxide(N2O)andwaterareinjectedintothestratospherethroughtoweringtropicalcumulusclouds.•Thesecompoundsarebrokendownbytheultravioletradiationinthes