湖泊调查方法-水环境-英文授课

IntroductiontoLakeSurveysBasicWaterQualityAssessmentUnit3Module8PartBFieldProfilesNIGLAS-湖泊调查方法ObjectivesStudentswillbeableto:identify,utilize,calibrateandtroubleshootprobesusedformeasuringtemperature.identify,utilize,calibrateandtroubleshootprobesusedformeasuringdissolvedoxygen.interpretinformationgatheredbytemperatureanddissolvedoxygenprobes.identifyexamplesoferrorfromdatagatheredfromfieldprobes.identify,utilize,calibrateandtroubleshootprobesusedformeasuringelectricalconductivity(EC25).estimatetotaldissolvedsolid(TDS)concentrationsinlakesidentify,utilize,calibrateandtroubleshootprobesusedformeasuringpH.explainhowtoeffectivelyuseasecchidisktodeterminewaterclarity.interpretsecchidiskdatatoevaluatewaterclaritytrendsinalake.explainhowtoeffectivelyuseatransparencytubetodeterminewaterclarity.identify,utilize,calibrateandtroubleshootprobesusedformeasuringturbidity.relatetheimportanceoflighttolakeprofilesandchlorophyllproduction.NIGLAS-湖泊调查方法BasicwaterqualityassessmentTheseslidesfocusonlearningbasicfieldtechniquesusedbylimnologists:Morphometry-estimatingcriticallakebasinmeasurementsFieldprofiles-physicalandchemicalparametersmeasuredfromtoptobottomofthewatercolumnSampling–collectingwater,sediments,andaquaticorganismsNIGLAS-湖泊调查方法InsertawonderfulimagethatcapturesthejoyofmeasuringphysicalandchemicalprofilesPhysicalandchemicalprofilesGoal:LearnhowtocollectbasicwaterqualitydatausingcommonfieldinstrumentationNIGLAS-湖泊调查方法FieldprofilesSensorsTemperatureDissolvedoxygenpHSpecificconductivityTransparencySecchi,turbidityChlorophyllprobesLightprofilesProfilingguidelines/examples/helpfulhintsPhysicalandchemicalfieldprofilesNIGLAS-湖泊调查方法PhysicalandchemicalfieldprofilesTopicscovered:Definition-whyit’simportant(quickreview)Unitsofmeasure-datareportingProbetypes-calibration,storage,cleaningWhereandhowoftenshouldprofilesbemeasured?TroubleshootingandQA(whatcangowrongandhowtoavoidorcorrectit)NIGLAS-湖泊调查方法Fieldprofiles-temperatureNIGLAS-湖泊调查方法Temperature–importanceandreportingTemperatureregulatestherateofmanybiologicalandchemicalprocesseswithinthelake.UnitsaredegreesCelsius(oC)orFahrenheit(oF)Reportedtonearest0.5oCNIGLAS-湖泊调查方法TemperatureprobesTypesofprobesLiquid-in-glass:notverypracticalforlaketemperatureprofilesunlessthelakeisreallyshalloworyourarmsarereallylong.AbsolutelyNOmercury(Hg)thermometers,existingHgthermometersshouldbeturnedinatyourstatewaterqualityagency.Thermistor:basedonmeasuringchangesinelectricalresistanceofasemi-conductorwithincreasingtemperature.NIGLAS-湖泊调查方法TemperatureprobesTempprobeTempprobe湖泊调查方法TemperatureprobesTemperatureisalwaysmeasuredconcurrentlywithoxygen,pH,andconductivitybecausealloftheseparametersaretemperaturedependent.Mostsensorshavebuilt-intemperaturecompensation.NIGLAS-湖泊调查方法Temperature-calibrationCalibrationCompareagainstaNIST-certified(NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology)thermometerat3temperatures;0,25and40oCThethermometershouldreadwithin±0.2oCoftheNISTthermometerTypicallyyoucannotadjusttocalibratebutchecktheinstrumentmanual.Itisagoodideatocheckitat0oCinaslurryofice-waterandatroomtemperatureifacalibrated(NIST)thermometerisnotavailable.NIGLAS-湖泊调查方法Temperature-calibrationCommonerrorsTemperatureisprettyfool-proofandthermistorsgenerallylastfor10yrsNIGLAS-湖泊调查方法Temperature-troubleshootingSymptomPossiblecauseandcorrectiveactionLiquid-in-glassthermometerdoesn’treadaccuratelyliquidseparatedThermistordoesn’treadaccuratelydirtysensorweakbatteriesErraticthermistorreadingsBadordirtyconnectionatmeterorsensorBreakinthecablesWeakbatteriesThermistorslowtostabilizeDirtysensorNIGLAS-湖泊调查方法Temperature-fieldexampleExample:GrindstoneLake-SummerTempgradientsharpestfrom5-6metersConclusion:sampleeverymeterto~10mtocharacterizethethermocline;thensampleat2oreven5mintervalstosavetimewithoutlosingmuchinformationDOTNIGLAS-湖泊调查方法Dissolvedoxygen(DO)NIGLAS-湖泊调查方法DO–importanceandreportingOxygenisproducedduringphotosynthesisandconsumedduringrespirationanddecomposition.Generally3mg/Lisstressfultoaquaticlife.Unitsofmeasurementare:Concentration:mg/L=ppm;concentrationsrange0.0to20mg/L%saturation–usedtodetermineifwaterisfullysaturatedwithoxygenataparticulartemperatureNIGLAS-湖泊调查方法DO–techniquesProbetypesandmeasurementtechniques:WinklertitrationAmperometric(polarographic)method,mostcommonlyused湖泊调查方法DO–techniquesWinklertitrationWateriscollectedwithVanDornorKemmerersamplersthenplacedinspecialglassbottleswithpointedstopperstoexcludeairbubbles(syringesmaybeusedalso).Winkler“wetchem”titrationisveryaccurateifdonecorrectly.Stilldonebyresearchers;kitsareavailabletosimplifytitrations(e.g.,HachCo.,LaMotteCo.,andothers).NIGLAS-湖泊调查方法DO–techniquesHowdoyoudoaWinklertitration?Onthewebat:()Andappendix1~simmons/ysesp/images/mvc-002f.jpgNIGLAS-湖泊调查方法DO–probesMostcommonsensoristhetemperaturecompensatedp