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广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院1CHAPTERFIVEEnergyandCivilization:PatternsofConsumptionOct.2010Advocateakindofcivilizedlifestyle(lowcarbonlifestyle)广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院2OBJECTIVESAfterreadingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:Explainwhyallorganismsrequireaconstantinputofenergy.Describehowpercapitaenergyconsumptionincreasedascivilizationdevelopedfromhuntingandgatheringtoprimitiveagriculturetoadvancedcultures.Describehowadvancedmoderncivilizationsdevelopedasnewfuelswereusedtorunmachines.CorrelatetheIndustrialRevolutionwithsocialandeconomicchanges.Explainhowcheapoilandnaturalgasledtoaconsumption-orientedsociety.Explainhowtheautomobilechangedpeople'slifestyles.广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院3EveryformoflifeandallsocietiesrequireaconstantinputofenergyIftheflowofenergythroughorganismsorsocietiesceases,theystopfunctioningandbegintodisintegrate.Truthofnatureandhumansociety广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院4HistoryOfEnergyConsumptionBiologicalEnergySourcesOriginofenergysource:sunlightphotosynthesisproducer:Plantalga广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院5Kindofbiologicalenergysourceswoodoilcoalnaturalgas广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院6DomesticatedanimalsfurnishedfortransportationAnimalpowerUsesofbiologicalenergy广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院7Animalpowercavalry广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院8Wooduseforcooking广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院9farming广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院10HistoryOfEnergyConsumptionIncluding:cooking,transportation,fightandfarming.terra-cottawarriorcorewooddonkeycartfarmcattle广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院11IncreaseduseofwoodInearlycivilization,Theenergyprovidedbywoodenabledpeopletocooktheirfood,heattheirdwellings,anddevelopaprimitiveformofmetallurgy.Suchadvancesseparatedhumansfromotheranimals.广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院12DesertedmountainWhendensepopulationsofhumansmadeheavyuseofwoodforfuelandbuildingmaterials,theyeventuallyusedupthereadilyavailablesources.Becauseofalonghistoryofhighpopulationdensity,someancientcountryexperiencedawoodshortage.(China,India)广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院13FossilfuelsandindustrialrevolutionFossilfuels:remainsoforganismsthatlivedmillionsofyearsago.(storedsunlight),includingcoal,oil,naturalgas.广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院14Fossilfuelscoaloilnaturalgas广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院15Historically,thefirstfossilfueltobeusedextensivelywascoal.Intheearlyeighteenthcentury,regionsoftheworldthathadreadilyavailablecoaldepositswereabletoswitchtothisnewfuelandparticipateinamajorculturalchangeknownastheIndustrialRevolution.TheIndustrialRevolutionbeganinEnglandandspreadtomuchofEuropeandNorthAmerica.Itinvolvedtheinventionofmachinesthatreplacedhumanandanimallaborinmanufacturingandtransportinggoods.Centraltothischangewastheinventionofthesteamengine,whichcouldconvertheatenergyintotheenergyofmotion.Thesourceofenergyforsteamengineswaseitherwoodorcoal;woodwasquicklyreplacedbycoalinmostcases.Nationswithoutasourceofcoal,orthosepossessingcoalreservesthatwerenoteasilyexploited,didnotparticipateintheIndustrialRevolution.IndustrialRevolution广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院16Watt’sinventionWattSteamengineTrain广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院17TheroleoftheautomobileTheinventionoftheautomobiledrasticallyincreasedthedemandforoilproducts.WeckerModernautomobile广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院18automobileDemandmoreoilPromotethedevelopmentofindustryTheroleoftheautomobileCreatenewjobsAlterlifestyle广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院19HowenergyisusedTheamountofenergyconsumedbycountriesofworldvarieswidely.广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院20ResidentialandcommercialenergyuseTheamountofenergyrequiredforresidentialandcommercialusevariesgreatlythroughouttheworld.about30percentoftheenergyusedinNorthAmerica90percentoftheenergyinIndiahomeapplianceslightingcookingautomobile广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院21IndustrialenergyuseTheamountofenergycountriesuseforindustrialprocessesvariesconsiderably.Non-industrialcountriesuselittleenergyforindustry.Countriesthataredevelopingnewindustriesdedicateahighpercentageoftheirenergyusetothem.广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院22Industrialenergyuse单位2000年2005年2010年2020年火电供电煤耗克标准煤/千瓦时392377360320吨钢综合能耗千克标准煤/吨906760730700吨钢可比能耗千克标准煤/吨78470068564010种有色金属综合能耗吨标准煤/吨4.8094.6654.5954.45铝综合能耗吨标准煤/吨9.9239.5959.4719.22铜综合能耗吨标准煤/吨4.7074.3884.2564炼油单位能量因数能耗千克标准油/吨14131210乙烯综合能耗千克标准油/吨848700650600大型合成氨综合能耗千克标准煤/吨1372121011401000烧碱综合能耗千克标准煤/吨1553150314001300水泥综合能耗千克标准煤/吨181159148129平板玻璃综合能耗千克标准煤/重量箱30262420建筑陶瓷综合能耗千克标准煤/平方米10.04IndustrialenergyuseinChina广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院23TransportationenergyuseAswithresidential,commercial,andindustrialuses,theamountofenergyusedfortransportationvarieswidelythroughouttheworld.Insomeoftheless-developednations,transportationusesareverysmall.Percapitaenergyusefortransportationislargerindevelopingcountries,andhighestinhighlydevelopedcountries.TransportationenergyuseinChina广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院24TheeconomicsandpoliticsofenergyuseAdirectlinkexistsbetweeneconomicgrowthandtheavailabilityofinexpensiveenergy.ThereplacementofhumanandanimalenergywithfossilfuelsbeganwiththeIndustrialRevolutionandwasgreatlyacceleratedbythesupplyofcheap,easy-to-handle,andhighlyefficientfuels.Becauseoflinkbetweenenergyandproductivity,mostindustrialsocietieswanttoensureacontinuoussupplyofaffordableenergy.Theemphasisonlow-pricedfuelshasencouragedhighratesofconsumption.广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院25EnergyconsumptiontrendsGrowthsinenergyuseOverhalfofworldenergyisconsumed