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:1007-8924(2003)01-0043-07(,100084):,,pH,4.4.,.:;;;:TQ028:A(NF),,,.2070,(hybridfil2tration)(RO)(UF):,50%70%,90%[1]..(RO)(UF),UF,RO[13].RO,UF,NF(MgSO4),(NaCl).2080,2090,NFRO(looseRO)RO(low-pressureRO)(ultra-os2mosismembrane)[2].,,.2090.(MWCO)1002000[24].NF,,(100300m),,(0105013m).,.,[2].[5]:().,,3:.,.,Ca2+Mg2+.,.,90%1nm,[2].1,,[2].,,:2001-11-23;:2002-02-28:(2000000317):(1975),,,,,:010262784527820.231Vo1.23No.120032MEMBRANESCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYFeb.2003[2].,.,,90%98%;,.,.,.,:[13](ES)[4][6].,:JW=(p-11+22)pRt(1)Rt=Rm+(Rai+Rao)+Rp+Rg+Rc(2)(1)(2),,.,,.,,.,,.,,.,,.,,[6]:Ji=Bi(cb,i-cp,i)(3)=cm,i/cb,i(4),KedemKatchalsky,JwJi,[7]:Jw=L(p-)s(5)Ji=ci(1-)Jw+s(6)DeenNernst-Planck,Wang[4],.DeenWang,(7)Deen,(8)Wang.Ji=-KDDi(dcidx+ciziFRTdDondx)+KFJwci(7)Ji=viki[HF,iuxci-HD,iDi(dcidx+ciziFRTddx)](8)(i=1,2),,.2,.().[8].,..[8],,.,...,,,.,.,,,,,.(,).;.,[9].,.,,,4423,.,,,,,;,,,,,.,,,,.,.,,,.211,()()(,)(,)[11].,,.(1)(),,,,.,,CaCO3.[11].,,.(2)pH,pH,,.pH,,.(3),,,,;,,,[10].(NOM)..,CaCO3CaSO4,.,,NOM.,pH,.[11].(4),,,[10].(5),.,,,,[12].Jk(k=D/,D;).,,.,.,.212.;;;...21211,.(1)1:45:,,,.,,,.:().,.,.:MPS-44(),MPS-444,.,.,.(2)[10],,.:pHCa2+Mg2+.pHNaOH.:SDS80TritonX-100.,.:,pH,,.,.21212,,(EDTA),;pH[7].21213,:,[12].,;,,[12,13].,..[3(9)].(TMP).21214.,[27].,,.,..,,[10].3.;;.,,..(1)(1)(4).(1)(2),,,,[7].(3),,.,,,cp,i,,.,,[7].,,.Timmer[6],4623.,.(2),,,,,,.,,,.M¾ntt¾ri[14].(3),[9].,,,,,,.,,.,.(4).,,,.NF,,,NF,..,,.,..,,.,,,.,.(5),;,,,.,,,.,,.(6)NF.,,,,.NF.[9].Donnan,,(),Donnan.,Na2SO4NaCl,SO42-Cl-,Na2SO4,Cl-.,Na+.SO42-,NaCl[2].(7),,.,.:;[15].M¾ntt¾ri[16],COD.(8)pHpH,[9].,pH,,pH,[17].Pouliot[15]/,pH59,,.M¾ntt¾ri[16],pH,pH.(9),,,1:47.,,,,,..,,[14].:,Jc,J0Jc,;J0Jc,,,Jc.,,TMP;,,[12].,.(10)(),[13]..,.,.().zeta(),.(11),.Kwak[18],,.,,,.,.,,..4,.,.,.Bi:i,ms-1ci:i,molm-3cb,icp,icm,i:i,molm-3Di:i,m2s-1F:,=96485Cmol-1HD,iHF,i:iJi:i,molm-2s-1Jw:,ms-1KDKF:ki:iL:,ms-1Pa-1p:,PaRai:,m-1Rao:,m-1Rc:,m-1Rg:,m-1Rm:,m-1Rp:,m-1Rt:,m-1R:,=8131Jmol-1K-1ux:,ms-1vi:ix:,mzi:i::,m12:p:,Pas12:,Pas:,Pa::,VDon:,,V:,molm-2s-1Pa-1[1]ErikssonP.Nanofiltrationextendstherangeofmembrane4823filtration[J].EnvirProg,1988,7(1):5862.[2]RamanLP,CheryanM,RajagopalanN.Considernanofil2trationformembraneseparations[J].ChemEngProg,1994,90(1):6874.[3]OrueCM,BohallabS,GaremA.Nanofiltrationofaminoacidandpeptidesolutions:mechanismsofseparation[J].JMembrSci,1998,142(2):225233.[4]WangX,TsuruT,TogohM,etal.Transportoforganicelectrolyteswithelectrostaticandsteric-hindranceeffectsthroughnanofiltration[J].JChemEngJapan,1995,28(4):372379.[5]PetersenRJ.Compositereverseosmosisandnanofiltrationmembranes.review[J].JMembrSci,1993,83(1):81150.[6]TimmerJMK,vanderHorstHC,RobbertsenT.Transportoflacticacidthroughreverseosmosisandnanofiltrationmembranes[J].JMebrSci,1993,85(1):205216.[7]YamauchiA,ShinY,ShinozakiM,etal.Membranecharacteristicsofcompsitecollodionmembrane.IV.Transportpropertiesacrossblendedcollodion/nafionmem2brane[J].JMembrSci,2000,170(1):17.[8]VrijenhoekEM,HongS,ElimelechM.Influenceofmembranesurfacepropertiesoninitialrateofcolloidfoul2ingofreverseosmosisandnanofiltrationmembranes[J].JMembrSci,2001,188(1):115128.[9]ThomasH.Foulingcharacteristicsofmembranefiltrationinmembranebioreators[J].MembrTechnol,2000,122(1):1013.[10],,,.[J].,1996,16(2):2530.[11]HerN,AmyG,JarusutthirakC.Seasonalvariationofnanofiltration(NF)foulants:identificationandcontrol[J].Desalination,2000,132(1-3):143160.[12],,,..(I)[J].,1999,19(1):111.[13],,,..(II)[J].,1999,19(4):1219,22.[14]M¾ntt¾riM,NystrÊmM.CriticalfluxinNFofhighmo2larmasspolysaccharidesandeffluentsfromthepaperin2dustry[J].JMembrSci,2000,170(2):257273.[15]PouliotY,WijersMC,GauthierSF,etal.FractionationofWheyproteinhydrolysatesusingchargedUF/NFmem2branes[J].JMembrSci,1999,158(1-2):105115.[16]M¾ntt¾riM,JokirenJN,NystrÊnM.Influenceoffil2trationconditionsontheperformanceofNFmembranesinthefiltrationofpapermilltotaleffluent[J].JMembrSci,1997,137(1-2):187199.[17]YounssiSA,LarbotA,PersinM,etal.Gammaalumi2nananofiltrationmembraneapplicationtotherejectionofmetalliccations[J].JMembrSci,1994,91(1):8795.[18]KwakSY,IhmDW.Useofatomicforcemicroscopyandsolid-stateNMRspectroscopytocharacterizestruc2ture-property-performancecorrelationinhigh-fluxreverseosmosis(RO)membranes[J].JMembrSci,1999,159(1-2):143153.FoulingproblemsofnanofiltrationandinfluencefactorsofnanofiltrationmembraneperformanceZHUAnna,ZHUWanpeng,ZHANGYuchun(DepartmentofEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing100084,China)Abstract:Thedefinitionandcategorizationofnanofiltrationmembranesarereviewedsimplyinthispaper.In2fluencefactorsofnanofiltrationfouling,suchastemperature,concentrationpolarization,concentration,pHval2ue,flowvelocityandregime,aresurveyedindetail.Fourmethodstocontrolfoulingareclassifiedas:cleaningprocedures,changingpropertiesofsolution,improvingoperatingmethodsandmodifyingthepropertiesofnanofiltrationmembranesurface,respectively.Moreover,theinfluencingfactorsofpermeationandrejectionofnanofiltrationmembranesuchastheoperatingpressure,operatingtimeandfeedingvelocityandsoon,weresum2marized.Keywords:nanofi