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1MembranetechnologyandwatertreatmentinenvironmentalprotectionRENJianxin1,ZHANGBaocheng2(1.ChinaNationalBlueStarChemicalCleaningCo.,No.9WestRoad,BeituchengChaoyangDistrict,Beijing100029,China;2.DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,PolytechnicofTurin,CorsoDucadegliAbruzzi24,Torino10129,Italy)Abstract:ThepaperpresentsageneralsummaryonthestateofthewaterresourceandmembraneindustryofChina.Nowthewaterpollutionisbecomingmoregrave,andthewaterresourceisshorterandshorterintheearth.Chinahas660cities,360citiesofthemareshortofwater.Thesituationin110citiesisserious,andthesituationin40citiesisdangerous.Itwaspredictedthatthewatercouldbeamaincauseoflocalconflictsandinternationalwars.ThewaterpollutioninChinaisalsoveryastonished.77%untreatedwastewaterisdischarged,and46.6%riverispolluted.Membraneisacleanproductiontechnology,whichcouldbeusedtoimprovethequalityofdrinkwater,treatthewastetoreducethepollutionandsavethewaterresource.Chinahasalotofresearchersandresearchinstituteonmembrane.ThepaperpresentssomedataofChinesemembraneresearchandmanufacture.Keywords:membrane;watertreatment;environmentprotectionCLCnumber:TQ028.8Documentcode:A1IntroductionWaterisamainresourceforourhumanbeing,buttheproblemofwaterismoreseriousthanbefore.Chinaisadevelopingcountrywhileitseconomygoesforwardrapidly.However,alongwiththedevelopmentofeconomy,theeco-environmentalproblemisbecomingworseandworse,suchasshortageofresources,ecologicaldamage,environmentalpollutionandetc.alltheseareboundtohavefatalimpactsontheimprovementofour2livingstandardandonthesubstantialdevelopmentofeconomy.NowthecentralgovernmentisfocusingonthedevelopmentoverthewesternpartofChina,inwhichtheeconomicdevelopmentandtheenvironmentalprotectionbearkeyimportance.Membraneseparationtechnologyisanadvancedtechnologythathasbeendevelopingveryquicklyduringthepastseveraldecades.In1952,ReidintroducedtheideatodesalinatetheseawaterwithROforthefirsttime.In1960,LoebandSourirajinproducedthefirstROmembranewiththepotentialpracticalapplication,whichwasasymbolofthebirthofmembranescienceandtechnology.Chinahasa40–yearhistoryofresearchanddevelopmentofmembrane.Inthisperiod,RO,NF,UF,MF,electricdialysis,pervaporationmembrane,liquidmembrane,membranereactorweredeveloped,andhavebeenputintoapplicationinthefieldsofenergy,electronics,petroleum,petrochemical,pharmacy,heavyindustry,lightindustry,foodandbreweryindustry,people’sdailylifeandtheenvironmentalprotection.Especiallyinthewatertreatment,theapplicationofmembranetechnologyturnswiderandwider,andplaysanincreasinglyimportantrole.2ThestateofwaterresourceandwaterpollutioninChinaInrangeofenvironmentalproblems,waterproblemisextremelysevere.Thereareonethirdofpeopleontheearthfacingwithhowtosolvetheshortageofwaterandhowtotreatthewastewater.Thisnumberwillbedoubledinthenext30years.Itisforecastbysomeexpertsthatwater,ratherthanoil,isgoingtobethemaincauseofconflictsregionallyevenglobally.Thereare660citiesinChina.Amongthem,morethan360areshortofwaterand110areinurgentsituation.Furthermore,40citiesareinthelistofthecitiesthatareextremelyshortofwater.Itisestimatedthatthewatershortagewillbe40billiontonsannually,andthatChinawilllack60billiontonswaterin2030.Duetothewatershortage,theproductoutputdecreasesby240billionRMByuanannually.ThewaterqualityinChinawasdeterioratedoverthepastfewyears.Thepollutedriverlengthincreasedeveryyear.Accordingtothestatisticaldatain1999,46.5%of3riverswerepollutedin100000kmmonitoredrivers,butthewastewatertreatedratiowasonly23%.[1]Waterpollutionhasbecometheobstacleofeconomicdevelopmentandsocialprogress.InSanxiareservoirofYangziRiver,thereare21countiesdischargingwastesintoYangziRiver.Theheightofthefloatabovewaterreaches2～4m,sometimes6.5m.IthasdirectlyaffectedtheworkofGeZhouBawaterpowerstation.ItcausesfrequentbreakdownofErjiangpowerstation.Theworstcasehappenedwasthatonceatimethefloatcausedseverepowerplantsbreakdownwithanelectricitylossof14000kW,equaltothecapacityofasmallpowerstation.Waterpollutionnotonlybecomesanimpedimentoftheeconomicdevelopment,butalsoendangerstheexistenceofthepeople.ThewaterqualityinYangtengLakedropstograde3fromgrade2,whichcausesthewaterundrinkable.3StateofmembraneindustryChinahasalotofresearchunitsandresearchersonmembrane.Theresearchonelectricdialysisandionexchangemembranebeganin1958[2].ROmembranebeganin1965andUFmembranein1970s.TheearliestpreparedUFmembrane,celluloseacetateUFmembrane,wasusedinelectriccoatsystemin1980s,afterpolysulfonehollowfiberUFmembranewasmanufactured.TheresearchesandthedevelopmentalsowentaheadrapidlyonNFmembrane,gasmembrane,inorganicmembrane,pervaporationmembraneandliquidmembrane.AlthoughthemembraneindustryofChinaisnotbig,itgrowsupveryquickly.Accordingtothestatisticaldatain1997,therewere13bigcompaniesofmembranewiththeoutputover＄1.2millioninChina(Tab.1).Theoutputofsolomembranewas＄45million,withinwhichtheimportedvaluewas＄27million.Theindustrialoutputrelevanttomembranewasestimated＄0.17billionanditwillbe＄0.3billionthisyear.Theimportedmembraneisabout70%salesinChina.Theoutputoflocallymanufacturedmembraneincreasedby30%annually.In1997,theglobalou