船舶油污论文：论船舶油污环境损害的赔偿范围

船舶油污论文：论船舶油污环境损害的赔偿范围【中文摘要】自工业革命以后,海上石油运输越来越繁荣,海洋遭受的石油污染损害也日趋严重。随着国际上一系列重大油污事件的发生,海洋环境保护与船舶油污损害赔偿问题也受到国际公约和国内立法的关注,我国尚无专门的船舶油污环境损害赔偿方面立法,审判机关在法律适用上也很不统一。本文主要结合环境损害赔偿的基本理论及国内外立法,针对我国船舶油污的损害赔偿实践,探究船舶油污的环境损害赔偿范围。文章第一部分首先界定了船舶油污造成的“海洋环境损害”的法律概念。从海洋环境的概念出发,区分了海洋环境、海洋资源和海洋生态三组概念的不同,认为海洋环境包含海洋资源和海洋生态。本文认为当前应对“环境损害”概念采狭义解释,即环境损害仅指对环境本身的损害,并在此基础上以概括加列举的方式对船舶溢油造成的“海洋环境损害”进行了定义。船舶溢油引起的海洋环境损害不同于一般的侵权损害,具有涉及范围广、价值难估量、恢复周期长、评估技术性强等特点。文章第二部分主要阐述了船舶油污环境损害赔偿的理论基础。环境权理论是环境损害赔偿的权利基础,本文认为环境权既然是一项新型的权利,其权利的内容也不同于传统的人身权和财产权,是环境自身应处于良好的可持续发展的权利。公共信托理论为环境损害赔偿提供了救济权依据,是我国《海洋环境保护法》第九十条第二款的立法依据。损害“差额说”理论一直是大陆法系损害赔偿法领域的权威学说,该学说深刻揭示了损害事实与赔偿范围之间的关系,对于研究环境损害赔偿有重要启发作用。文章第三部分介绍了当前公约体系、《美国油污法》体系及我国法律体系下船舶油污环境损害赔偿范围的相关规定,认为从赔偿范围的规定和评估准则方面看,《美国油污法》体系较公约体系更加科学、全面,在保护海洋环境方面更有力度。在赔偿范围方面,我国法与1992CLC的规定不完全一致,本文认为发生在我国海域内的船舶油污环境损害赔偿,无论是否具有涉外因素,都应优先适用国际公约的规定。文章第四部分对船舶油污环境损害赔偿范围进行了系统的解构。认为应当采全面赔偿和限制赔偿相结合的原则进行赔偿范围的界定,在以上两原则的基础上,本文认为船舶油污环境损害赔偿范围应包括包括基本的恢复费用、恢复期间的环境价值损失、不可恢复的环境损失和评估费用。。针对当前我国司法实践中存在的索赔项目存在重复的问题,本文认为应对相关评估标准进行修订；在天然渔业资源损失实际不能得到公约体系支持的现状下,本文认为应该呼吁国际社会尽快对1992CLC进行修订,以实现对船舶油污环境损害的全面赔偿。本文主要采用了历史分析、比较分析、案例分析、法律解释等方法进行研究。【英文摘要】WiththeflourishingofcarryingpetroleumbyseaaftertheIndustrialRevolution,oceanpollutionisbecomingseriousdaybyday.Theprotectiontooceanenvironmentandtheindemnitytodamagefromship’soilpollutionhavebeenpaidattentionbyinternationalconventionanddomesticlawaftersetsofoilpollutioneventhappen.Fromtheprospectiveoflegislationoftheindemnitytodamagefromship’soilpollutioninChina,thereisstillnospecializedregulationanddisplaysasdisunityintheapplicationprocessbyjudgmentdepartment.WithIntegratingthebasictheoreticintheindemnitytodamageofenvironmentandthesituationoflegislationinandoutofChina,basiconthepracticeoftheindemnitytodamagefromship’soilpollutioninourcountry,mythesisisaimingtoresearchtherangeofindemnityrangeofdamagetoenvironmentfromship’soilpollution.Thefirstpartinmythesisfirstlydefinesthelegalconceptof“damagetooceanenvironment”causedbyship’soilpollution.Analyzingfromtheconceptofoceanenvironment,thisthesismakedistinctionsamongoceanenvironment,oceanresourceandoceanecology.Thisthesisindicatesthat“damagetoenvironment”shouldbeexplainedstrictly,thatis,”damagetoenvironmentwasjustmeansthedamagetoenvironmentbutnothingelse,basiconwhich,wecoulddefine“damagetooceanenvironment”causedbyship’sleakingoilbythewayofsummarizationandenumeration.Theplacesthatdamagetooceanenvironmentcausedbyship’sleakingoildifferencefromtheothercommondamagearethat,theformeraffectswiderrange,hasinestimablevalue,needmoretimetoresumeandismoreprofessionalinevaluatedtechnicalarea.Thesecondpartofthisthesismainlystatestheoreticalprinciplesofindemnityofdamagetoenvironmentfromship’soilpollution.Environmentalrightisthebasictotheindemnitytodamagetoenvironment.Thisthesisthinksthatenvironmentalrightisanewtypeofright,whosecontentisdifferentfromtraditionalpersonalrightandpropertyright,focusonthewellsustainabledevelopmentofenvironment.Publictrusttheorywhichisalsothefoundationofdomestic“marineenvironmentalprotectionlaw”item2ofclause90,isthebasicandreferenceofrightofreliefforindemnitytodamagetoenvironment.Damagetobebalancedwhichisalwaystheauthoritativetheoryincontinentallegalsystemdeeplyindicatesthattherelationshipbetweendamagefactandtheindemnityrangeandisimportantforfurtherresearchingdamagetoenvironment.Thethirdpartofthisthesisintroducestheconventionalsystemnowdays,“Americanoilpollutionlaw”systemandrelatedregulationofindemnityrangeofdamagetoenvironmentfromship’soilpollutionindomesticlawsystem.Fromtheperspectiveofindemnityrangeandevaluatedregulation,“Americanoilpollutionlaw”systemismorescientificandcomprehensive,anditismorepracticalintheprotectionofoceanenvironment.Fromtheperspectiveofindemnityrange,domesticlawisnotthesameas1992CLC.Butthisthesissupportsthat,nomattertheeventincludesoverseasfactorsornot,internationalconventionispriortobeappliedforindemnityrangeofdamagetoenvironmentfromship’soilpollution,aslongasthisdamageoccursinoceanareaofChina.Theforthpartofthisthesissystemicallyexplainsindemnityrangeofdamagefromship’soilpollution.Theindemnityrangeshouldbedefinedwiththecombinedprinciplesofcomprehensiveindemnityandlimitedindemnity,furtheronwhich,mythesisthinkthatindemnityrangeofdamagefromship’soilpollutionshouldincludesbasicresumingcost,thelostofenvironmentalfunctioninresumingperiod,lostofenvironmentalfunctionwhichcouldnotresumeandevaluationfee.Relativeevaluationstandardshouldberectifiedaccordinglyaspertheclaimingitemsarerepeatedinourjuridicalpractice;accordinglytothesituationthatpiscatoriallostisnotincludedininternationalconvention,weshouldappealtointernationalsocietythat1992CLCshouldberectifiedtimelytorealizethecomprehensiveindemnityofdamagetoenvironmentfromship’soilpollution.Theauthorhasadoptedtheresearchmethodsofcase-analysis,comparisonanalysis,historicalanalysisoflaw,legalinterpretationandsoon.【关键词】船舶油污海洋环境损害环境损害赔偿范围【英文关键词】ship’soilpollutiondamagetooceanenvironmentIndemnityrangeofdamagetoenvironment【目录】论船舶油污环境损害的赔偿范围摘要6-8Abstract8-9引言10-11第一章船舶油污海洋环境损害的法律定义11-19一、海洋环境与海洋资源、海洋生态的区分11-14二、