都会地区大气中微量有毒物质污染现况与未来展望

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都會地區大氣中微量有毒物質污染現況與未來展望GraduateInstituteofEnvironmentalEngineeringNationalCentralUniversity,Chungli,Taiwan,R.O.C主講人:張木彬教授生態臺北城空氣污染減量與防治研習會隨著工商業的進步以及都市的發展,因而衍生的空氣污染問題卻日趨惡化,在人口集中的大都會地區其空氣污染的情形尤其嚴重。各項污染物中以號稱『世紀之毒』的戴奧辛(PCDD/Fs)、多氯聯苯(PCBs)及重金屬等污染物對人體之影響較為直接而深受注意。污染物污染來源健康影響粒狀物燃燒程序、汽車運輸、工業呼吸器官影響、含致癌物質、影響能見度NOx所有燃燒程序、運輸工具、硝酸製程酸雨、腐蝕性、人體急慢性刺激、影響能見度、植物影響SOx煤及石油燃燒、火力發電、金屬冶煉酸雨、腐蝕性、金屬及建築物污損、呼吸(氣管)疾病、植物受損HC、VOC燃燒不完全、交通運輸工具、有機溶劑清洗、表面塗裝、石化工業致癌性、慢性疾病PAN光化學反應物影響能見度、傷害植物、刺激呼吸道及眼睛PCDD/Fs及PCBs工業製程、燃燒程序、垃圾焚化廠皮膚氯瘡、流產及畸形胎機率增加汞鹼氯工業、電器用品、日光燈及水銀燈廠等。容易蓄積在人體的腎、肝及腦中,鹵化汞易導致中樞神經疾病如MinamatoDisease砷電子產品、染料、殺蟲劑、皮革及金屬合金添加劑等。砷的累積將引發急性中毒,其症狀為脫水、循環器官障礙等,如烏腳病。致死量為120200mg,且無機砷比有機砷毒性大。鉛電池產品、塑膠製品、塗料、農藥製品等。其屬於慢性累積性中毒,尤其對於神經、造血系統及循環系統產生極大危害性鎘電鍍工業、PVC安定劑(塑膠製品)、塗料、電子工廠等。於生物體內累積性強的鎘也會引發貧血、腎傷害、肝病變及新陳代謝等危害,如痛痛病(Itai-ItaiDisease)鉻塗料、金屬表面處理廠、皮革、化學藥品等。鉻對於人體的呼吸道、皮膚、細胞及遺傳都會造成傷害戴奧辛之特性現今俗稱的『戴奧辛』實為戴奧辛類化合物的統稱。一般似戴奧辛化合物共可分戴奧辛群(PCDDs)、夫喃群(PCDFs)。戴奧辛化合物有八個位置能與氯原子結合,因此依氯原子鍵結數目及位置的不同,各物種的物理、化學及毒性皆不盡相同。由於戴奧辛各物種其毒性皆不相同,一般毒性當量之計算係以2,3,7,8-TCDD的TEF值為基準(係數為1.0)。OOClx12346789ClyOClx12346789(A)PCDD(B)PCDFClyOOClx12346789ClyOClx12346789(A)PCDD(B)PCDFCly戴奧辛的毒性當量係數異構物I-TEFTEF(WHOforhuman)TEF(WHOforfish)2,3,7,8-TeCDD1111,2,3,7,8-PeCDD0.5111,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD0.10.10.51,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD0.10.10.011,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD0.10.10.011,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD0.010.010.001OCDD0.0010.0001-2,3,7,8-TeCDF0.10.10.051,2,3,7,8-PeCDF0.050.050.052,3,4,7,8-PeCDF0.50.50.51,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF0.10.10.11,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF0.10.10.12,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF0.10.10.11,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF0.10.10.11,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF0.010.010.011,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF0.010.010.01OCDF0.0010.00010.0001戴奧辛之特性(續)戴奧辛物質的化學穩定性高,不易被光或微生物分解,化學分解亦只限於去氯作用,而其雙苯環結構在>750℃的高溫環境下方可被摧毀。氯化程度較低的戴奧辛具有較長的C-H鍵,因此較易受到光、生物或化學的分解及轉化作用,所以含氯數較低的戴奧辛較不穩定。戴奧辛之來源環境中戴奧辛的來源,除廢棄物焚化過程外,抽菸、燃材壁爐、車輛排氣、火災,工業製程如化學工業、金屬冶煉、紙漿加氯漂白等都可能產生戴奧辛,火山爆發及森林火災則是自然排放的主要來源。在燃燒行為中以露天燃燒、家庭木材燃燒及各種廢棄物焚化爐為戴奧辛排放的主要來源。世界各國大氣中戴奧辛之主要來源排放量排序美國英國台灣日本1都市垃圾焚化都市垃圾焚化電弧爐煉鋼都市垃圾焚化2金屬冶煉非鐵金屬冶煉燒結爐有害廢棄物焚化3醫療廢棄物焚化燒結爐都市垃圾焚化醫療廢棄物焚化4露天燃燒住宅木材燃燒非鐵金屬冶煉電弧爐煉鋼5有害廢棄物焚化森林火災火力發電廠金屬冶煉6下水污泥焚化鋼鐵冶煉其他燃燒源下水污泥焚化7發電廠(燃煤)工業燃煤化學製程工業鍋爐都市垃圾焚化廠FF系統(注入活性碳)對戴奧辛之去除效果處理容量:450(噸/24小時/爐)燃燒溫度:850~1,050(℃)廢氣流量:2,160,000(立方公尺/天)00.511.522.52,3,7,8-TCDD1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDDOCDD2,3,7,8-TCDF1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF1,2,3,4,7,8,-HxCDF1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDFOCDFng-TEQ/Nm30102030405060708090100removalefficiency(%)MWI-B(withoutACI)MWI-B(withACI115Kg/Day))removalefficiency(%)去除率%袋式集塵器誘引抽風機煙囪旋風集塵器廢氣處理流程灰燼流程廢氣處理設備前採樣位置煙囪採樣位置乾式洗煙塔鍋爐排出煙道氣23,459μg/h旋風集塵器灰14,272μg/h(47%)反應灰8,284μg/h(27%)煙囪排出煙道氣8,088μg/h(26%)都市垃圾焚化廠戴奧辛排放比例(未注入活性碳)都市垃圾焚化廠戴奧辛排放比例(注入活性碳)袋式集塵器誘引抽風機煙囪旋風集塵器廢氣處理流程灰燼流程廢氣處理設備前採樣位置煙囪採樣位置乾式洗煙塔(活性碳注入)鍋爐排出煙道氣6,657μg/h旋風集塵器灰5,805μg/h(36%)反應灰10,307μg/h(63%)煙道氣134.6μg/h(1%)國內大氣中戴奧辛濃度變化趨勢0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.0Nov.1999Jan.2000Apr.2000Jul.2000Oct.2000Jan.2001Concentrations(pg/Nm3)0.000.050.100.150.200.250.30I-TEQconcentrations(pg-I-TEQ/Nm3)concentrationI-TEQconcentration國內垃圾焚化廠煙道排氣與大氣中戴奧辛各物種之分布特性大氣環境中戴奧辛物種之氣固相分布0%20%40%60%80%100%2,3,7,8-TeCDF1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDFOCDF2,3,7,8-TeCDD1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDDOCDDPercentageofconcentrations(%)GasphaseParticulatephaselogvaporpressure(Pa)logvaporpressureat25℃(Pa)-7.0-6.5-6.0-5.5-5.0-4.5-4.0-3.5-3.0-2.5-2.02,3,7,8-TCDF2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF1,2,3,4,7,8,-HxCDF2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDFOCDF2,3,7,8-TCDD1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDDOCDDlogvaporpressure(25℃)logvaporpressureat25℃(Pa)-7.0-6.5-6.0-5.5-5.0-4.5-4.0-3.5-3.0-2.5-2.02,3,7,8-TCDF2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF1,2,3,4,7,8,-HxCDF2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDFOCDF2,3,7,8-TCDD1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDDOCDDlogvaporpressure(25℃)logvaporpressureat25℃(Pa)-7.0-6.5-6.0-5.5-5.0-4.5-4.0-3.5-3.0-2.5-2.02,3,7,8-TCDF2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF1,2,3,4,7,8,-HxCDF2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDFOCDF2,3,7,8-TCDD1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDDOCDDlogvaporpressure(25℃)0%20%40%60%80%100%2,3,7,8-TeCDF1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDFOCDF2,3,7,8-TeCDD1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDDOCDDPercentageofconcentrations(%)GasphaseParticulatephaselogvaporpressure(Pa)logvaporpressureat25℃(Pa)-7.0-6.5-6.0-5.5-5.0-4.5-4.0-3.5-3.0-2.5-2.02,3,7,8-TCDF2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF1,2,3,4,7,8,-HxCDF2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDFOCDF2,3,7,8-TCDD1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