饮用水源区小流域氮素污染负荷估算方法比较

张燕1,张志强1,谢宝元1,武军2,吴斌1,赵慧娟1,赵媛媛1,王利1,唐寅1,刘恩1(1,100083;2,100029:)4:Johnes,5%;,,;8%;,4%,-;,,;;;;;:2008-04-29:2008-12-03:;(2006BAD03A1801):(1981!),,:Email:[e-mail]:(1967!),,,:Email:[e-mail]npointsourcepollutionofsmallwatershedindrinkingwatersourceareaZhangYan1,ZhangZhiqiang1,XieBaoyuan1,WuJun2,Wubin1,ZhaoHuijuan1,ZhaoYuanyuan1,WangLi1,TangYin1,LiuEn1(1.BeijingForestryUniversity,KeyLab.ofSoil&WaterConservationandDesertificationCombating,MinistryofEducation,100083;2.StationforResearchingForesttoProtectRiverheadinBeijing,100029:Beijing,China)AbstractNitrogenpollutantinMiyunTumenxigousmallwatershedwasestimatedbyexportcoefficientmethod,theUniversalSoilLossEquation,Runofffieldexperimentandrelevantrelationshipmethod.Theresultsshowthat:Johnesmodeloftheexportcoefficientmethodandtheexportcoefficientmodelwhichwasconsideredtherainfallimpacton,hadlargerelativeerror.Consideringthelossofwatershedtheofexportcoefficientsmethodwasthebest,ofwhichthesimulationvalueclosedtothetrueoneandtherelativeerrorwas5%.Exportcoefficientmethodissuitablefortheregionwherethereisnoenoughobservationdata.Exportcoefficientisthekeytoimprovetheaccuracyofestimation.Therelativeerrorwillbesmallerifnonpointsourcepollutionareaaredividedintosmallertypeblockandthemonitoringresultsofrunoffplotcanbeusedforthewholesmallwatershed.TherelativeerrorofrunoffplotexperimentestimationinMiyunTumenxigousmallwatershedreachedto8%bythismethod.Relevantrelationshipmethodneedsestablishtherelationshipbetweenpollutionloadandrainfall,whichrequireslongtermrainfallwaterqualitymonitoringdata.Relativeerrorofrelevantrelationshipmethodwasapproximateto4%.UniversalSoilLossEquationdidnottakeintoaccountthetransportcapacityofrunoff,estimationerrorofwhichwasrelativelylarge.200927(1):84-91ScienceofSoilandWaterConservationVol.7No.1Feb.2009Keywordsdrinkingwatersource;nonpointsourcenitrogenpollution;exportcoefficientmethod;caculationmethodofuniversalsoillossequation;runoffplotexperimentmethod;relevantrelationshipmethod[1-2],,,,,4,,2:,[3],[4],,(),,,,Johnes,[5][5],,,,[6],[7]USLE,,CREAMAGNPSWEPPANSWERS,[8]AGNPS;[9]AnnAGNPS;[10]SWAT,,1,,E116∀20#N40∀40#,3,349km2,,,242~7814m,400m,,,,660mm,,1406mm(1959),242mm(1869),,80%~85%(6!9)20064045mm,80%(6!9)221,5!11,08:0020:0012h620067!9,,5∃()%[11]:-,,;∃%[12]22221输出系数法Johnes[5]Ln=&ni=1Ei(Ai(Ii))+CrPQr(1)Eh=365DcaHpMnBnRnCp(2)[5]851:Ln=m&ni=1Ei(Ai(Ii))+CrPQr(3)[5]=1/(1+RL)=1/(1+aqb)(4)Ln=(m&ni=1Ei(Ai(Ii))+CrPQr)(5):Ln,t/a;Eii;Aiii;Iii,kg/a;EhNP,kg/a;Dca,kg/d;Hp;Mn;Bn;Rn;Cp;Cr,g/m;P,m3;Qr;m,;;RL;q;ab,222通用土壤流失方程估算法W.H.WischemeierD.D.Smith1958[13]A=RKLSCF(6):A,t/(km2∋a),R[14];K[15];LS1,LS[16];C[17];F[18],0~1,F1,CF1R=&12i=11735(1015lgP2iP-08188(7)K=759400034+00405exp-12∋log(Dg)[phone]Dg(mm)=exp(001&filnmi)(8)LS=(0045L)a(6541sin+456sin+0065)(9)C=06508-03436lgc(10):Pi,mm;Dg,fi;mi;L;,286∀,a=05,172∀~286∀,a=04,057∀~172∀,a=03,057∀,a=02;c,c=0,C1,c783%,C0,0c783%223相关关系法,,Ln=f(P)(11):f(P)LnP224径流试验场法,[19],,,,,,Ln=&ni=1TiSa(12):Tii,mg/hm2;Sa,hm2331311Johnes模型20067(1),1Tab.1QuestionnaireformoffarmersinTumenxigoum3∋-1()+kg∋a-1109110216130351191642266514273232504383293858546110992549625148875,5,EAEUENELEP41)EA,[20]26%~52%,40%,46%862009,,,46%,5044hm2,224079kg,44423kg/hm2[5]12%18%,5331kg/hm27996kg/hm2,,,[21]5098kg/hm2,573kg/hm2,360kg/hm2N,16%,[22]2%,5%[23][24],,,53%[25](345kg/hm2)69%,,16%,7108kg/(hm2∋a),7108kg/(hm2∋a)(2)2Tab.2Valueofeachexportcoefficienthm2kg∋hm-2∋a-1t5044710835925036300129636092027000045102100004590000487400000360001564000000620003134000001300054521400011662)EU,EU1lkg/(hm2∋a)[5][2],EU363kg/(hm2∋a)3)EN,1200~1600t/(km2∋a),1400t/(km2∋a)2007134066g/kg,092kg/(hm2∋a)4)EL,,[5]:61104512280275kg/(m2∋a)M.Cai[26]Slapton,1671%1643%1768%1489%,1021074040004kg/(m2∋a)[5]5)EP[5],214kg/(m2∋a)312考虑降雨影响的输出系数模型,2003!2006(3),:Ln=00004P12442R2=078(=005,N=4)3Tab.3MonitoringdataofwaterqualityandquantityinoutletofTumenxigouwatershedmm∋d-1m3mg∋L-1ta2003401301685020841022004645301678731461022005641751696571111032006404501533970600932003!2006102102103093,1404t313考虑流域损失的输出系数模型RL=11046q03478R2=07985(=005,N=4)=1/(1+11046q03478):2003!2006871:036022022032,026105t(4)4Tab.4EstimationvalueofeachparameterRLq200303617836020040223503525200502334312292006033207853321994!200653180mm,2006:081km2,052km2,049km2,014km2,128km2,026km21994!2006,,R,R=37829MJ∋mm/(hm2∋h∋a),32,,,K00465t∋hm2∋h/(hm2∋MJ∋mm),4574%6567%6815%5688%5015%85%,(5)5Tab.5AverageannualsoilerosionamountandfactorvalueofdifferentlandusetypeRKCLSF/(t∋hm-2∋a-1)/t3782900470026139210539654378290047008010461012019333782900470021136510485356537829004700671798105381029537829004700488060825005105378290047!34406029115,,232979t,599t/(hm2∋a),5ArcGIS,[27],[28],500m,0153495t2003!2006538g/kg,188t,20077!9,,:439g/kg,308g/kg,352g/kg,268g/kg,1012g/kg,092g/kg,144t1,,,,,,23378,,,,--,2003!2006523mm(3),096t,2003!200610034089t,0009t,0924t00169mg/hm200014mg/hm200621mg/hm200321mg/hm200516mg/hm20016mg/hm2,882009,[2]363kg/(hm2∋a)(1)12007Fig.1Monitoringvalueofpollutionloadofrunoffplotinrainyseason2007466Tab.6Estimationofnopointsou