生产套管和油管

第二章生产套管和油管套管设计及下套管作业是钻井工程中关系到完井作业质量的一项重要工作，油管设计是完井过程中要完成的一项主要工作。从现代完井工程概念出发一个更为完美、合理的生产套管、油管设计不仅要满足钻井、完井工程本身的需要，还应能为油、气井采用适合的工艺技术生产及油气井在生产过程中由于油、气层能量的变化而采取相应措施留有余地。因此在进行生产套管、油管设计时，应视油气井生产套管、油管参数为油气井最优化生产方式、调整措施及特殊工艺要求的函数值。第一节生产套管的选择和计算海洋油气田开发工程中常规的套管程序包括：隔水导管、表层套管、中间技术套管（1～3层，视井深和工程情况而定）和生产套管。生产套管（又称油层套管）是为地下储集层中的石油或天然气流至地面创造良好的流动通道。生产套管的重要功能是用以保护井壁、隔离各层流体，以利于油气井分层测试、分层开采和分层改造。生产套管对油气井来说是其终身保护层，一旦下入以后再也无法调整，因此在进行设计时必须考虑周全，使所选的套管既能满足钻井需要又能适应以后生产要求。海上油气田的特点之一是丛式定向井、大斜度井、水平井的广泛应用，且油气井的产量甚高。海上油井大部分采用人工举升法开采，尤其是气举法，电潜泵更为广泛使用，同时一些工艺措施如油井防砂措施等也被广泛使用。生产套管所受的主要载荷包括：管柱周围流体所产生的外挤压力，来自钻井液、储集层流体、井下工艺压力试验产生的内压力和自身重量等所产生的拉伸载荷。生产套管必须经受钻井阶段、完井阶段和生产阶段的各种作业载荷，经受特定环境中的温度、压力和腐蚀的影响；生产套管还必须配备易于上扣并具备最佳密封效果的连接接头。一、套管钢级1．API套管钢级API标准套管有十个钢级，即H40、J55、K55、T95、N80、C90、C95、L80、Pll0、125Q。API规范中，钢级代号后面的数值乘以6894.757kPa（1000psi），即为套管以kPa（或psi）为单位的最小屈服强度。这一规定除了极少数例外，也适应于非API标准的套管。API套管钢级的强度指标见表2-1-1。目前，世界上能生产API标准套管的有38个工厂，分布于14个国家，表2-1-2列出了API承认的厂家名单。2．非API套管钢级有的API标准套管的生产厂家也生产非API标准系列套管，非API标准套管是根据钻井和采油工程需要而超出API标准的进一步发展。非API标准套管各种钢级的强度指标见表2-1-3。表2-1-1API标准套管钢级的强度指标钢级颜色标志最小屈服强度最高屈服强度Mpa最低抗拉强度Mpa延伸率%API标准（适用范围）kpsiMpaH-40J-55K-55N-80C-75L-80C-90C-95P-110Q-125①V-150无色或黑色浅绿绿色红色蓝色红夹棕紫色棕色白色白色白色4055558075809095110125150276379379552571552620665758861103555255255275862066572576096510401240414517665689665665690720865930114022.51817181816.51811.55A5A5A5A5AC5AC(5AC)(5AC)A5X(5AQ)(5AX)①待编入API标准。表2-1-2套管生产厂家及代号（商品名）国别厂家专用等级代号国别厂家专用等级代号美国ArmcoB&WCentralCF&1CopperwelolFortWorthLTVLoneStarNewportUSSWheelingPittsburghARMCOCFLTVS.S.SUSSSumitomoSM南朝鲜HyundaiPusanUTM奥地利VoestAlpine比利时Tubeneuse法国VallourecVK西德BentelerFuchsHoeschMannesmannMW巴西Confab英国BritishSteerHC.WHC加拿大AlgomaISPSCOSOO意大利AllesioArvediDalmineS.E.T.ADHC.D委内瑞拉CVG日本KawaakiNipponNKKMaruichiKT.KONKLT.NTNK西班牙Tubacex瑞典Uddeholm表2-1-3非API标准套管钢级的强度指标非API标准最小屈服强度Mpa(kpsi)最小抗拉强度Mpa(kpsi)非API标准最小屈服强度Mpa(kpsi)最小抗拉强度Mpa(kpsi)S—80SOO95S—95SS—95379.21(55)655.00(95)655.00(95)551.58(80)655.00(95)758.42(110)758.42(110)689.48(100)S—105S—140V—150S—155655.00(95)965.27(140)1034.21(150)1068.69(155)758.42(110)1034.21(150)1103.16(160)1137.63(165)二、套管的联接单根的套管由接头联接成套管柱，较大直径的套管都采用接箍联接。联接是由螺纹来实现的，因此，螺纹联接是套管质量和强度检验的重点。表2-1-4套管抗挤额定值外径mm(in)平均重量壁厚mm径厚比API抗挤额定值kPaLoneStarSS-95TCA80HCMann-emauMWC95SNipponNT85HSSNKKAC-80TSumit-OmoSM80TlbftkgmNmL-80C-90P-110114.3(41/2)11.613.515.117.2620.0922.47169.3197220.46.3507.3668.560.05560.06440.074943782588814847066603522627370598871596407156885012596407156885012582607570492528602607184385771546756922385012127(5)151823.222.3226.7934.53218.9262.7338.67.5189.19512.1410.05920.07240.0956499877232605591682944610199287264673819101090756467381910109075650188977064949823921143846060582254139.7(51/2)17202325.329.7634.23248.1291.9335.77.7229.16910.5410.05530.06560.07554336860881769454785069085891495157376532100250591577329185840591577329185840576407453289908599157336086529541937115485840544007000284806168.275(65/8)24283235.7241.6747.62350.3408.64678.94110.59212.0650.05310.06290.0717397415633071154435066357081496464027005191149433686343281358571586984481427506766674180875512286591479428177.8(7)23262932353834.2338.6943.1647.6252.0956.55335.7379.4423.2467510.8554.68.0529.15910.36311.50612.64913.7160.04530.05170.05830.06470.07110.077126407373014847059295701897853128544406105405567155803249259742954588127432589839104318389555377963432717057997987563389555377963432717057997987563389555377963432717057997987563396455536563777721888066988804378524840159157696377997987563379214902259157692927798087563193.675(75/8)26.429.733.73945.339.2944.250.1558.0467.41385.3433.4491.8569.2661.18.3319.52510.92212.70015.1130.04300.04920.05640.06560.07802344233026452306081225580353705019468948368875426276394334404929860674730848894233440492986067473084889423344049298606747308434474496426136373291899773412944264560547108533440448165639969913196.8246.168.6672.815.1130.07688721988322219.075(85/8)3640444953.5759.5365.4872.92525.4583.8624.1715.110.16011.43012.70014.1480.04640.05220.05800.06462826938059479195900829992415065336566879440575805473981417825446962742717054178254469627427170541782544696274271705423345598563363719813964549160586056943039714493665833068672222.2549.773.96725.314.1480.06377074070809244.475(95/8)4043.54753.558.461.159.5364.7469.9479.6286.9190.93583.8634.8685.9780.8852.3891.710.03311.04911.98913.84315.11315.8750.04100.04520.04900.05660.06180.064921305262693275045643229602847535094506083047536542548132916538611489536101968603723952916538611489536101929165386114895361019686037239530337394384929861639686037246430889377144398956399649497246429165379214433356399247.6559.288.10863.9615.1130.06106722467362250.82562.893.46916.515.8750.06337018970327273.05(103/4)5155.560.765.771.175.982.5990.3397.77105.81744.3810885.9958.81037.611.43012.57313.84315.11316.5100.04190.04600.05070.05530.060522201277172399429579252353178540541517113075141024520555957166190307514102452055595713199241506539865998466603322673909346746543313075139507198.45(113/4)60657189.2996.73105.66875.6948.61036.212.42113.56414.7830.04160.04590.04952192523718249803