大型公共建筑节能改造激励政策研究

大型公共建筑节能改造激励政策研究重庆大学硕士学位论文（学术学位）学生姓名：刘华兵指导教师：任宏教授专业：管理科学与工程学科门类：工学重庆大学建设管理与房地产学院二O一二年五月ResearchonIncentivePolicyforEnergyEfficiencyReconstructioninLargePublicBuildingsAThesisSubmittedtoChongqingUniversityinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementfortheMaster’sDegreeofEngineeringByLiuHuabingSupervisedbyProf.RenHongMajor:ManagementScience&EngineeringFacultyofConstructionManagement&RealEstateChongqingUniversity,Chongqing,ChinaMay,2012重庆大学硕士学位论文中文摘要I摘要当前，我国经济社会快速发展，但是高发展的背后面临着高能耗以及高污染的难题。未来，伴随着城市化的进一步发展和人们生活水平的提高，建筑能耗将成为三大耗能大户之首，如何提高建筑行业能源利用效率，推行建筑节能改造将是摆在我们面前的重要课题。建筑节能是一个庞大的系统工程，不可能同时大范围的全面推进。大型公共建筑具有能耗密度高、节能潜力大的优点，从大型公共建筑的节能改造入手推行建筑节能改造，见效快，示范作用强，是政策首选。但是，当前我国公众节能意识淡薄，对既有建筑的节能改造普遍存在着认识误区，加上体制机制上的障碍和节能改造资金上的困难，导致建筑节能改造工作难以启动和推广。同时，由于建筑节能改造本身存在着固有的市场失灵现象，其外部性和信息不对称的矫正都是推行建筑节能的关键所在。激励机制是解决市场失灵的最优解，也是排除当前市场现实障碍的最优选择。发达国家建筑节能改造的激励政策起步较早，且成效显著。各国都成立了专门的能源管理机构，制定详细的计划和管理方案，专项资金和法律的保护保证了方案的切实实施，而且新能源也得到大力推广。发达国家体制机制以及管理上的措施都是值得我们借鉴的宝贵经验。借鉴发达国家做法，结合我国当前实际情况，文章将我国大型公共建筑分为国家机关办公建筑、公益性大型公共建筑和商业性大型公共建筑三大类，并分别分析了各自业主的行为特征，从强制性行政干预政策和财税激励政策两个方面出发，对三类大型公共建筑的节能改造提出了针对性的政策建议。对国家机关办公建筑的节能改造活动，文章创新了政府能源消费的报销与奖励机制，建议设立专门机构和专项资金，并实行政府机构的节能评比活动；对公益性大型公共建筑，文章主要从能耗特点鲜明的校园、改造困难的医院以及新能源应用前景广阔的车站和机场入手，分类提出了推进措施；对商业性大型公共建筑，文章提出要多元化财政支持，加快推行合同能源管理，并实行阶梯能源价格。文章最后结合前述大型公共建筑节能改造的政策建议，对重庆市大型公共建筑的节能改造政策应用进行了分析，并针对性的提出了政策改进建议。关键词：大型公共建筑，节能改造，激励政策重庆大学硕士学位论文英文摘要IIABSTRACTCurrently,economicandsocialdevelopmentofChinaisspeeding,butbehindhighdevelopmentarehighenergyconsumptionandhighpollution.Inthefuture,alongwiththefurtherdevelopmentofurbanizationandtheimprovementofpeople'slivingstandard,thebuildingenergyconsumptionwillbethefirstoneamongthethreekindsofenergyconsumption,howtoimproveenergyefficiency,energysavingandemissionreductionwillbesetbeforeusasanimportantissue.Theenergyconservationofthebuildingisacomplexengineeringsystem,andcannotbepromotedinawiderange.Largepublicarchitecturehasthebigadvantagesofhighdensityofenergyconsumption,energysavingpotential,fromlargepublicbuilding,energysavingtransformationhasquickeffect,demonstrativeeffectisgreat,isthefirstchoiceofimplementationofthebuildingenergytransformation.Butcurrentlythepubliclackofenergysavingconsciousness,thereisawidespreadmisunderstandingoftheexistingbuildingenergyefficiencymarket,inaddition,obstaclesofthemechanismandsystemandenergysavingtransformationfinancialdifficulties,causethatitishardtostartconstructionenergy-considerationmarket.Atthesametime,becauseoftheenergyconservationofthebuildingitself,inherentlyexiststhemarketfailure,theexternalityandtheredressofinformationasymmetryisthekeytotheimplementationofbuildingenergyefficiency.Incentivemechanismistheoptimalsolutiontosolvethemarketfailure,andisalsotheoptimalchoicetoruledoutthecurrentlypracticalmarketobstacle.Theenergysavingrenovationincentivepolicystartedmoreearlyinthedevelopedcountries,andworkswell.Allcountrieshasestablishedaspecialenergymanagementinstitutions,developingthedetailedplanningandmanagementscheme,specialfundsandtheprotectionofthelawguaranteethepracticalimplementation,andnewenergyalsogetsapromotion.Themechanismofsystemandmanagementmeasuresinthedevelopedcountriesarethepreciousexperiencewhichisworthourusingforreference.Usingpracticesinthedevelopedcountriesforreference,attheend,thisarticledividesthelargepublicbuildingintostateorgans,large-scalewelfarepublicbuildingsandcommerciallarge-scalepublicbuildingsandrespectivelyanalyseseachowner'sbehaviorcharacteristic.Fromtwoaspectsofmandatoryadministrativeintervention重庆大学硕士学位论文英文摘要IIIpolicyandfinanceandtaxincentivepolicy,forthreekindsoflarge-scalepublicbuildings,itputsforwardcorrespondingpolicyrecommendations.Onenergysavingtransformationactivitiesofstateorgans,thearticlerecommendsthattheconsumptionofenergyofthegovernmentinnovationtosubmitanexpenseaccountandrewardmechanism,proposedtheestablishmentofaspecializedagenciesandspecialfunds,andagovernmentagencyenergysavingappraisalactivities;Fornon-profitlarge-scalepublicbuildings,thisarticlemainlyanalysestheenergyconsumptionofcampuseswithcharacter,hospitalswhichconfrontthetransformationdifficultyandstationswithexpansiveapplicationprospectofnewenergy,andputsforwardmeasuresinclassification;Forcommerciallarge-scalepublicbuildings,thepaperputsforwardtodiversifingfinancialsupport,speedinguptheimplementationoftheEnergyManagementContracting,andimplementingstepenergyprices.Finally,combinedwiththeabovepolicysuggestions,thepaperanalysesthepolicyapplicationoflargepublicbuildingenergyefficiencyreconstructioninChongqing,andputsforwardtocountermeasuresforimprovement.Keywords:Largepublicbuildings,Energyefficiencyreconstruction,IncentivePolicy重庆大学硕士学位论文目录IV目录中文摘要.............................................................................................................................I英文摘要............................................................................................................................II1绪论.............................................................................................................................11.1问题的提出.....................