科技沟通第1-18章大纲

Chapter13LaboratoryReportsTeachingObjectivesOncompletionofthisChapter,studentsshouldbeableto:identifythetypesoflaboratoryreports;explainthecommunicativepurposesoflaboratoryreports;understandthelanguagefeaturesoflaboratoryreports;TeachingObjectivesgettoknowthestructuralfeaturesoflaboratoryreports;learnthetechniquesforwritinglaboratoryreports;understandtheprinciplesforwritinglaboratoryreports;rulesofpracticeforwritinglaboratoryreports;Background&Lead-in实验报告，是在科学研究中描述、记录某一课题的实验过程和结果的报告。在学习和科研活动中，为了检验某种科学理论或假设，往往要进行实验。人们通过实验、观察、分析、综合、判断，如实地将实验过程和结果记录下来，经过整理而写成书面报告。Background&Lead-inThischapterdescribesageneralformatforlaboratoryreportsthatyoucanadaptasneeded.Laboratoryreportsarethemostfrequentkindofdocumentwritteninengineeringcourseandcancountforasmuchas25%ofacourseyetlittletimeorattentionisdevotedtohowtowritethemwell.Worseyet,eachprofessorwantssomethingalittledifferent.1.DefinitionofLaboratoryReportsLaboratoryreportsdocumentlaboratoryproceduresandtheirresults.Laboratoryreportsmaybeonecomponentofaresearchprojectormaydemonstratetechnicalcapabilityandcompliancewithcontracts.ClassificationofLaboratoryReportsAccordingtopurposethereareAcademiclaboratoryreports学术实验报告Industrylaboratorytestreports工业的实验报告Page82-83ClassificationofLaboratoryReportsGenreFeaturesofLaboratoryReportsCommunicativePurposes:DocumentyourfindingsCommunicatetheirsignificancePresenttheresultsofresearchortestingLinguisticFeaturesoflaboratoryReportsObjectiveandimpersonalSpecificandfactualConsistentandcoherentClearandconcisePersuasiveandconvincingPage85FormalLaboratoryReportsTheCoverMaterial:TitlePageTableofcontentsFormalLaboratoryReportsTheBodyoftheReportAbstractIntroductionEquipmentandComponentsProcedureusedResults/ObservationsAnalysisandDiscussionSummary/ConclusionFormalLaboratoryReportsInformalLaboratoryReportsThenameoftheproceduresAdatasheetCalculationsSeepage864.TechniquesforWritingLaboratoryReportsTitlePage（标题页）：标题的提炼和制作要明确、简练，直接反映所研究的对象、范围、方向和问题。Titlepageneedstocontainthenameoftheexperiment,thenamesoflabpartners,andthedate.Titlesshouldbestraightforward,informative,andlessthantenwords4.TechniquesforWritingLaboratoryReportsTheAbstract(摘要):简明扼要说明实验目的意义,重要发现,主要结论和理论方法。TheAbstractsummarizesfouressentialaspectsofthereport:thepurposeoftheexperiment(sometimesexpressedasthepurposeofthereport),keyfindings,significanceandmajorconclusions.4.TechniquesforWritingLaboratoryReportsTheabstractoftenalsoincludesabriefreferencetotheoryormethodology.Theinformationshouldclearlyenablereaderstodecidewhethertheyneedtoreadyourwholereport.Theabstractshouldbeoneparagraphof100-200words4.TechniquesforWritingLaboratoryReportsTheIntroduction(简介)ismorenarrowlyfocusedthantheabstract.Itstatestheobjectiveoftheexperimentandprovidesthereaderwithbackgroundtotheexperiment.Statethetopicofyourreportclearlyandconcisely,inoneortwosentences:IntroductionAgoodintroductionalsoprovideswhateverbackgroundtheory,previousresearch,orformulasthereaderneedstoknow.Usually,aninstructordoesnotwantyoutorepeatthelabmanual,buttoshowyourowncomprehensionoftheproblem.Example:Thepurposeofthisexperimentwastoidentifythespecificelementinametalpowdersamplebydeterminingitscrystalstructureandatomicradius.QuickIntroductionReferenceMustHave:1.Purposeoftheexperiment2.Importantbackgroundand/ortheoryMayinclude:1.Descriptionofspecializedequipment2.Justificationofexperiment'simportanceIftheamountofintroductorymaterialseemstobealot,consideraddingsubheadingssuchas:TheoreticalPrinciplesorBackground.NoteonverbtenseEquipmentandApparatus﹙实验仪器和装置﹚Whenthelaboratoryequipmentiscommonlyusedbylaboratories,orconsistsofsimplecomponentssuchasstraingauges应变仪andthermometers,youmanyinclude,withoutdescription,alistofequipment.Thisistypicalforstudentlaboratoryreports.LaboratoryProcedureorProcess(实验程序或过程)Laboratoryproceduresusetheimperativevoiceandincludeastep-by-stepformatwithstepnumbers.Alternatively,processdescriptionsarethetechnicaldescriptionsoflaboratoryproceduresandmaybestatedinthepresentorpasttense.LaboratoryProcedureConfusing:PresstheSTOPbuttonwhentheloaddropsabruptly.[ThismayprompttheoperatortopresstheSTOPbuttonbeforethereisanabruptdropintheload.]Clear:Whentheloaddropsabruptly,presstheSTOPbutton.Asampleprocedurefollows.ProcessDescriptionTheprocessdescriptioniseitheranexplanationorhistoryoftheprocedure.Thepresenttenseisusedforanexplanation,and,alternatively,thepasttenseisusedforahistory.SampleDataandCalculations﹙数据和计算﹚Thedataarethenumericalquantitiesdeterminedfromreadingtheinstrumentsduringtheexperiment.Theseareusuallyrecordedondatasheets---tableswiththenomenclature命名法ofthecontrolledandmeasuredparameters规范、参数oftheexperiment,respectively,astherowandcolumnheadings.Results(实验效果)Resultsareusuallydominatedbycalculations,tablesandfigures;however,youstillneedtostateallsignificantresultsexplicitlyinverbalform.Discussion(探讨)Discussionisthemostimportantpartofyourreport,becausehere,youshowthatyouunderstandtheexperimentbeyondthesimplelevelofcompletingit.Explain.Analyze.Inter