跨文化商务沟通Diverse Cultural Patterns

DiverseCulturalPatterns•Hofstede’sFiveValuesDimension（Hofstede的5种价值维度）•KluckhohnandStrodtbeck’sValueOrientation•Hall’sContextOrientationGeertHofstedeHofstede’sFiveValuesDimension（Hofstede的5种价值维度）Hofstedeidentifiedfivedimensionsofculturethathelptoexplainhowandwhypeoplefromdifferentculturesbehaveastheydo.Hofstede’sFiveValuesDimension（Hofstede的5种价值维度）powerdistanceIndividualismMasculinity[,mæskju'liniti]–femininity[femi'niniti]uncertaintyavoidancelong-term/short-termorientation.PowerDistance(权力差距)Thisreferstothedegreeofinequalitythatexists–andisaccepted–amongpeoplewithandwithoutpower.HighpowerdistancecultureAhighpowerdistancescoreindicatesthatsocietyacceptsanunequaldistributionofpowerandpeopleunderstandtheirplaceinthesystem.inequalityisaccepted.Socialhierarchy（社会等级制）isprevalent（普遍的）Powerandauthorityarefactsofpeople’slife.Theseculturesteachtheirmembersthatpeoplearenotequalinthisworldandthateverybodyhasarightfulplace.HighpowerdistancecultureHigh-power-distancecountries:India,Africa,Brazil,Singapore,Greece,Venezuela[,veni'zweilə]委内瑞拉,MexicoandPhilippines['filəpi:nz].PDI=powerdistanceindex（权利差距指数）LowpowerdistancecultureLowPDmeansthatpowerisshared(共享的)andwelldispersed(被分散的).Italsomeansthatsocietymembersviewthemselvesasequals.LowpowerdistancecultureUsetaxationorsocialwelfareprogram(社会福利)toreduceinequalityinrightsandopportunityintheworkplace.Lowpowerdistanceculturesareguidedbylaws,norms,andeverydaybehaviorswhichmakepowerdistinctions(差别，级别)minimal（最小的）.Supervisors（上级）andemployees（下属）areconsideredalmostasequals.Low-power-distancecountries：Australia,Finland['finlənd]芬兰,Denmark['denma:k]丹麦,Norway挪威,U.SIndividualism/Collectivism[kə'lektivizəm](个人主义/集体主义)Thisdimensioncanbedefinedas“thedegreetowhichpeopleinacountryprefertoactasindividualsratherthanasmembersofgroups”Collectivism=LowindividualismIndividualisticculture个人主义文化Individualachievement个人成就FreedomCompetitionSelf-interest自身利益PersonalgoalsratherthangroupgoalsIndividualhastherighttohisprivateproperty,thoughts,andopinions.Individualisticculture个人主义文化theUnitedStates,Australia,GreatBritain,Canada,Netherlands['neðələndz]荷兰andNewZealandIDV=individualismCollectivisticculture集体主义文化GroupharmonyCohesiveness（凝聚力）Consensus(大多数人的意见)[kən'sensəs]GroupinterestPeoplerelyontheirin-group(自己人集团,派系,小集团）andbeloyaltotheirgroup.CollectivisticculturePakistan['pækistæn]巴基斯坦,Colombia[kə'lʌmbiə]哥伦比亚(拉丁美洲国家),Venezuela[,veni'zweilə]委内瑞拉,Peru[pə'ru]秘鲁andmuchofAfrica.Yellowislowincollectivism,redishigh.FromChiaoandBlizinsky2009.Masculinity/Femininity(男性主义/女性主义)Hofstedeusedmasculinity[,mæskju'liniti]andfemininity[femi'niniti]torefertothedegreetowhichmasculine（男性的）['mæskjulin]orfeminine（女性的）traits（特性）arevalued（重视）andrevealed（显示）.CountriesthatareMasculinityoriented（以男性为导向的国家）Theyvalueassertiveness（魄力，自信）performance,successandcompetition.Theyexpectmentobeassertive（坚定而自信的）,ambitious,andcompetitive.Menareexpectedtobetough,tobetheprovider,tobeassertiveandtobestrong.Ifwomenworkoutsidethehome,theyhaveseparateprofessionsfrommen.CountriesthatareMasculinityorientedIreland,thePhilippines,Greece,Venezuela[,veni'zweilə]委内瑞拉,Austria['ɔstriə]奥地利,Japan,Italy,MexicoCountriesthatareFemininityoriented（以女性为导向的国家）Thequalityoflife.MaintainingwarmpersonalrelationshipsServiceandcarefortheweak.womenandmenworkingtogetherequallyacrossmanyprofessions.Menareallowedtobesensitiveandwomencanworkhardforprofessionalsuccess.CountriesthatareMasculinityorientedCountriesthatareFemininityorientedCountriesthatareFemininityoriented（以女性为导向的国家）Sweden瑞典,Norway,Finland芬兰,Denmark丹麦,theNetherlands[‘neðələndz]荷兰Question:Inyourview,ChinaisacountrythatareFemininityorientedoracountrythatareMasculinityoriented?