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LessonOneHowtoGetthePooroffOurConscienceJohnKennethGalbraithGroup11.JohnKennethGalbraithLifeWorksAchievement2.John.M.KeynesandKeynesianeconomicsin1930s3.Reagan'seconomics4.Gini-CoefficientGroup24.SocialDarwinism5.Supply-sideeconomics6.NIT7.MiltonFriedman8.AdamSmithDavidRicardoJohnD.RecketfellerJohnKennethGalbraith•Born:October15,1908Died:April29,2006(aged97)•ACanadian-Americaneconomist•AKeynesian（凯恩斯主义者）aninstitutionalist（经济思想史上的制度学派）Earlylifeandteaching:1934•Ph.DinagriculturaleconomicsfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.•BecameatutoratHarvardUniversity1937•Ayear-longfellowshipattheUniversityofCambridge(wherehewasinfluencedbyJohnMaynardKeynes)1939-1940•TaughtatPrincetonUniversity1949•AppointedprofessorofeconomicsatHarvard•ServedasdeputyheadoftheOfficeofPriceAdministration•workedforFortuneMagazinefor5yearswhereheexpounded（详细说明）KeynesianismtotheAmericanbusinessleadershipDuringWorldWarII•1961-1963AsanadvisertoPresidentJohnF.Kennedy,GalbraithwasappointedUnitedStatesAmbassadortoIndia•1972ServedaspresidentoftheAmericanEconomicAssociation•2006DiedinCambridgeWorksAlthoughhewasapresidentoftheAmericanEconomicAssociation,Galbraithwasconsideredaniconoclast（打破旧习的人）bymanyeconomists•1977TheAgeofUncertaintyforBBCtelevision•Hundredsofessaysandanumberofnovels:Amonghisnovels,ATenuredProfessorachievedparticularcriticalacclaim.SomeofKenneth'sfamouseconomicsbooks•1952AmericanCapitalism:TheConceptofCountervailingPower•1954BestsellerTheGreatCrash,1929•1958TheAffluentSociety•1973EconomicsandthePublicPurpose•1994AShortHistoryofFinancialEuphoriaHonors•1985TheAmericanHumanistAssociationnamedhimtheHumanistoftheYear•1993LomonosovGoldMedal•1997OrderofCanada(Officer)•2000AwardedtheU.S.PresidentialMedalofFreedom•2001PadmaVibhushan(India)JohnM.Keynes•JohnMaynardKeynes(5June1883–21April1946)•ABritisheconomistwhoseideashaveprofoundlyaffectedthetheoryandpracticeofmodernmacroeconomicsandtheeconomicpoliciesofgovernments.Economictheoryin1930s(becauseoftheGreatDepression)TheGeneralTheoryofEmployment,InterestandMoney•Thecentralargument:thelevelofemploymentisdetermined,notbythepriceoflabourasinneoclassical（新古典主义的）economics,butbythespendingofmoney(aggregatedemand总需求)•under-employmentandunder-investmentarelikelytobethenaturalstateunlessactivemeasuresaretaken•activisteconomicpolicybygovernmenttostimulatedemandintimesofhighunemployment,forexamplebyspendingonpublicworks.TheGeneralTheoryisoftenviewedasthefoundationofmodernmacroeconomicsGini-coefficient基尼系数•Ameasureofstatisticaldispersion（离差）developedbytheItalianstatisticianandsociologistCorradoGini•Aninternationallyrecognisedmeasureusuallyonlyappliedtothewealthofcountries•Theinequalityamongvaluesofafrequencydistribution(forexamplelevelsofincomeorwealth)SocialDarwinism社会达尔文主义•Atheorythatpersons,groups,andracesaresubjecttothesamelawsofnaturalselectionasCharlesDarwinhadproposedforplantsandanimalsinnature..SocialDarwinism•SocialDarwinists,heldthatthelifeofhumansinsocietywasastruggleforexistenceruledbysurvivalofthefittest（适者生存）•Thetheorywasusedfromthelate19thcenturytosupportlaissez-faire（放任政策）capitalismandpoliticalconservatism（保守主义）•SocialDarwinismdeclinedasscientificknowledgeexpandedSupply-sideeconomic供应经济学•Supply-sideeconomicsisaschoolofmacroeconomic(整体经济）thought•Economicgrowthcanbemosteffectivelycreatedbyloweringbarriersforpeopletoproduce(supply)goodsandservices,suchasloweringincometaxandcapitalgainstaxrates,andbyallowinggreaterflexibilitybyreducingregulation.Supply-sideeconomic•Accordingtosupply-sideeconomics,consumerswillthenbenefitfromagreatersupplyofgoodsandservicesatlowerprices.Negativeincometax（NIT）负所得税•Ineconomics,anegativeincometaxisaprogressiveincometaxsystemwherepeopleearningbelowacertainamountreceivesupplementalpayfromthegovernmentinsteadofpayingtaxestothegovernment.Negativeincometax•DevelopedbyBritishpoliticianJulietRhysWilliamsinthe1940s•LatertheUnitedStateseconomistMiltonFriedmancombinedNITwithhisflattax(统一税）proposals.NegativeincometaxThemaindrawback（不利条件）•TheNITmightreducetheincentive(动机）towork,sincerecipientsoftheNITwouldreceiveaguaranteedminimumwageequaltothegovernmentpaymentintheabsenceofemployment•Itrequiresconsiderablereportingandsupervision（监督）inordertoavoidfraud（诡计）MiltonFriedman米尔顿弗里德曼•AnAmericaneconomist,statistician（统计学家）andauthorwhowriteCapitalismandFreedomin1962•Hispoliticalphilosophyemphasizestheadvantageoffreemarketeconomyandagainstthegovernment’sintervention(介入）.•TheimportantpointofFriedman’stheory:Adhere（拥护）totheeconomicfreedomMiltonFriedmanHonorsandawards•1951JohnBatesClarkMedal•1976theNobelMemorialPrizeinEconomicSciences•1988PresidentialMedalofScienceMiltonFriedmanMiltonFriedman'sideasconcerningmonetary（货币的）policy,taxation,privatization（私有化）andderegulation（撤销管制规定）influencedgovernmentpolicies,especiallyduringthe1980s.ItinfluencedtheFederalReserve'sresponsetotheglobalfinancialcrisisAdamSmith（亚当斯密）•BorninScotland.•Oneofthose18thcenturyScottishmoralphilosopherswhoseimpulsesledtoourmoderndaytheories•Hisworkmarksthebreakthroughofanevolutionaryapproachwhichhasprogressivelydispla