4 奥林匹克化学竞赛培训纲要 链烃性质

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第四讲:链烃的化学性质4.1烷烃的性质:氧化、裂化、卤化反应历程有三个阶段,引发、增长和终止。初级反应的产物也可以发生增长反应,将得到深度卤化。自由基越稳定越容易生成,相应产物越多。自由基稳定性次序为:3ºR·2ºR·1ºR·例:写出2-甲基丁烷和溴反应得到的所有可能一溴代产物,指出那种最多。烷烃主要是卤化反应。反应活性为:F2Cl2Br2I2;3ºH2ºH1ºH反应历程为:Cl22ClInitiationACH4++ClCH3HClChainPropagationBΔHφ=242.6Kj/molΔHφ=8.4Kj/molΔHφ=-111.8Kj/molCH3Cl+CH3Cl2+ClCH3ClClCH3+ChainTerminationCPDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion烯烃反应主要有:A:加氢与亲电加成(卤素、HB或AB试剂如HX、H2O、H2SO4、HOR、X-OH);不对称试剂与不对称烯烃加成时符合马氏规则,但在过氧化物存在下,烯烃与HBr的加成是反马氏规则的,称为过氧化物效应;高温下烯烃与卤素不加成,而是α-H的取代;硼氢化—氧化反应的结果相当于烯烃的反马氏加水。B:聚合:在引发剂存在下,烯烃聚合成高分子化合物。C:氧化:在不同条件下,烯烃可以氧化成不同的产物:如邻二醇(冷KMnO4,OsO4或OsO4+H2O2)、环氧化合物(过酸或Ag~O2~Δ)、醛和酮(O3/Zn~H2O)或酮和酸(热KMnO4等)4.2.烯烃的性质:PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion[]nH2/NiCH3CH3HClCH3CH2ClH2OCH3CH2OHH+HO-ClClCH2CH2OH等KMnO420C。KMnO4HOCH2CH2OHCO2HOCH2CH2OHOsO4H2O2BH3(CH3CH2)3BH2O2HO-CH3CH2OHAgO2OO3/Zn,H2O2CH2=OX2X-CH2CH2-XPDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion加氢:烯烃和氢气被吸附到催化剂表面而被活化,而后同步加成:因此得到的产物为顺式加成4.2.1.2加卤素反应活性:双键上烃基越多,反应速度越快;拉电性取代基(-CO2H、-C≡N、-N+Me3)使反应速度减慢。如:CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCl+Br2CH3CH2CHCHCH2CH=CHClBrBrMe2C=CHCH2CH2CH=CH2+Br2Me2C--CHCH2CH2CH=CH2BrBrCH2=CH-O-C-CH=CH2+Br2OCH2CH-O-C-CH=CH2BrBrO4.2.1烯烃的加成PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion反应活性:双键上烃基越多,反应速度越快;拉电性取代基(-CO2H,-C≡N,-N+Me3)使反应速度减慢。卤化氢的反应活性按HIHBrHCl反应取向——马尔可夫尼克夫(Markovnikov)规律:氢原子总是优先连接到容易获得双键π电子的双键碳原子上+CH3CH2CH=CH2HBrCH3CH3CHBrCH3CH3CH2CH2CH2Br+80%20%+(100%)(CH3)2C=CH2HCl(CH3)3C-Cl+CH2=CH-COHO(100%)HClClCH2CH2CO2H+HBr(CH3)2C=CH2PhC-O-O-CPhOO(CH3)2CHCH2Br4.2.1.3加卤化氢的成PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion=CH2+BH3(CH3CH2CH2)3BH2O2OH-CH3CH2CH2OHH2OH+CrO3,H+CH3CH2CH3CH3CH2CHOCH3CH=CH2BrCH2CH=CH2N-BrOONBSNBS=NBSBrBr2orCH3CH=CH2+HO-ClClCH2CH(OH)CH3+CH3OHH3PO4/硅藻土(CH3)2C=CH2(CH3)3C-OCH34.2.1.4其他加成高稳条件下卤素不加成过氧化物效应:有过氧化物存在时,烯烃与溴化氢的加成是反马氏规律的。如:+HBr(CH3)2C=CH2PhC-O-O-CPhOO(CH3)2CHCH2BrCH3CH=CH2BrCH2CH=CH2Br2PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion=CH2AgO2CH3CHOCH2,OCH3CO3HH2OOHOHCH3CH=C(CH3)2O3CH3CH-C(CH3)2OOOC(CH3)2CH3CHOOOZn/H2OCH3CHO(CH3)2C=O+CH3CH=C(CH3)20~20C。KMnO4H2OCH3CHC(CH3)2OHOH丙酮回流CH3CO2HCH2COCH3+CH3CO2HH2O2OHOHOsO4OOOsOO+OsO2OsO4PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion=C(CH3)2(CH3)3CCH=C(CH3)2(CH3)3CCH2C=CH2CH3H2SO4+CH=CH2RCH2CHRnnnCH2=CCH=CH2CH3CH2CCCH3CH2HPDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion(CH3)2C=CH2HBrBr2HBr/R-O-O-RH2O/H2SO4BH3/H2OKMnO4O3/Zn,H2OH2O2/CH3CO2H()()()()()()()()CH3CH=CH2Ag£¬O2Cl2KMnO4CH3CO3H()()()()()()IClH2ONBS()()Cl2H2OCCl4思考:1.当乙烯和Cl2在CCl4中反应时只得到1,2-二氯乙烷,若在H2O反应,还可以分出氯乙醇;且当水中含有NaBr时,除分出前两种产物外,又可分出1-氯-2-溴乙烷。写出上述各反应的方程式。并由此推测乙烯和Br2在乙醇~水溶剂中反应时所有可能的产物,2.完成下列反应:PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion与烯烃相似,但不尽相同。如加氢与亲电加成活性低,需要汞盐存在,但也有马氏规则,过氧化物效应;高温下α-H的取代;硼氢化—氧化反应的反马氏加水等。炔烃还可以发生烯烃所不能发生的的反应,如:与HCN加成。炔烃只氧化成酸;末端炔烃有酸性,能生成炔化金属,进而进行其他反应如与R-X和醛酮反应等:4.3炔烃的反应:RCCRRC=CRHHPd-BaSO4H2NH3NaRC=CRHHCH3CCHCH3CCl=CH2HClCH3CCl2CH3HCl。EtCCEtEtC=CEtHHLiAlH4diglime138CPDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion=CH2HClCl2CHCH3HClHgCl2[CH2CH]Cl聚氯乙烯EtCCEtEtC=CEtHClHCl97%HCCHHg(OCOCH3)2CH3CO2HCH2=CHOCOCH3聚合OCOCH3[CH2CH]OH[CH2CH]H2Onn维尼纶mCH2ORCCRRC=CBHRBH33AcOHRC=CHHRH2O2NaOHRCH2CORPDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion=CEtBrBrBr290%EtCCEtEtC=CEtHOHEtCH2COEtH2SO4H2OHgSO4HCCHCH3OHCH2=CHCNnHCNCuCNCH3CHOCH3OCH3聚合(腈纶,俗称人造毛)CH2=CHOCH3CH3ONaCH3OHCH3ONaNOHNOCH=CH2KOH[CH2CH]CN聚合nNO[CH2CH](聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮,PVP)CH3(CH2)5CCH72%CH3(CH2)5CH2CHO1.2.BH3H2O2NaOHH2OHgSO4CH3(CH2)5COCH3H2SO4PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion或/EtCO2HRCCH+RCC-AgAgNO3NH3RCCH+RCC-CuCuClNH3CH3(CH2)5CCHNaNH2CH3(CH2)5CCNaHCCHNaNH2NaCCNaPDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion=CH2H2C=CHCCCH=CH2+CH3CCHCuCl,NH3CCCH3CH3CCO2RCCHCuCl,NH3RCCCuK3Fe(CN)6CCRRCCCH2CH2CCHHCCCu(OCOCH3)2吡啶Me3COKPd~BaSO4H2O2,HCCHCH2=O,KOHHCCCH2OHHOCH2CCCH2OH+CH3CCHCH3COCH3,KOHCH3CCC(CH3)2OHPDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion()()()Br()(PhCO2)2PhCH2BrNaNH2()KMnO4H2OHgH+2+H2/Pd~BaSO4()()()思考:.完成下列反应:()2+H3+OHg()Pd~BaSO4()H2SO4()KOHO()HCCHO()()()H22+HgH3+ONaNH2(PhCO2)2()Br()()Ag+~NH3KOHCH3CCHCuCl,NH4Cl()Pd~BaSO4()H2Pd~BaSO4()H2PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion=CH-CH=CH2CH3CHClCH=CH2+CH3CH=CHCH2ClBr2CH2=CH-CH=CH2CH2BrCHBrCH=CH2+CH2BrCH=CHCH2Br4.4二烯烃的性质二烯烃有孤立、累积和共轭三种类型,共轭二烯烃有特殊性质:简单加成与共轭加成、环化加成(Diels-Alder反应)和聚合成橡胶。100℃3:70℃2:1HBr+CH3CH=CH-CH=CH2CH3CHBrCH=CHCH3CH3CH=CHCHBrCH3HBrCH2=C-CH=CH2CH3CH3CBrCH=CH2CH3+CH3C=CHCH2BrCH3+CH2=CH-CH=CH2CH3CH2CH=CH2CH3CH=CHCH3H2CH3CCH3CHHNaNH3PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion=CH-CH=CH2CH2=CH2230C。双烯体亲双烯体OOO+CH2=CH-CH=CH2100C。OOOCH2=CH-CH=CH2C=CCH2HCH2HnVOCl2Et2AlCl+r.tC=CCH2HCH2CH3nCH2=C-CH=CH2CH3PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion()CH2=CH2+CF3CCCF3()HO2CHO2CCO2HCO2HCCl4()()KMnO4Br2思考:1.写

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