简明英语语法教程第一单元名词名词(Noun)专有名词LondonMarytheUnitedNations普通名词个体名词table,computer,gun集体名词family,committee物质名词rain,fire,air抽象名词youth,success,beauty可数名词和不可数名词个体名词和集体名词一般都是可数的,如:twocomputersahappyfamily,twofootballteams.抽象名词和物质名词一般都是不可数的,如Translationisanart.翻译是一种艺术。Lighttravelsfasterthansound.光比声的速度快。可数与不可数名词间的转化Thetreesarenowinflower.There’snoschooltomorrow.LongJingisawell-knowntea.Twocoffees,please.Wemetwithmanydifficulties.He’shadmanyoddexperiences.不可数的物质名词和抽象名词转化为可数名词可数的个体名词转化为不可数的物质名词不可数名词“一件”、“一个”的表达法apieceofnews(work,information,furniture)abarofchocolate,ablockofice,aburstofapplause(一阵掌声)afitofanger(一顿脾气),aloafofbread,aslipofpaper,a(large)sumofmoney.补充:名词的规则复数形式一般情况加s,如desks,books,girls,以s,x,sh,ch收尾的词,加es,如glasses,roses,brushes,churches以f或fe结尾的词,则一般变为ves,如:wife(wives),bookshelf(bookshelves),wolf(wolves),thief(thieves)以辅音+y结尾的词,则变y为i,再加es,如party(parties),city(cities)family(families),university(universities)名词的规则复数形式以辅音+o结尾的,一般加es,如hero(heroes),potato(potatoes),tomato(tomatoes),echo(echoes),但有一些外来词只加s,如piano(pianos),radio(radios),photo(photos),studio(studios).有关字母,数字,缩写词以及引语的复数形式详见书本(略)名词的不规则复数形式变内部元音:foot-feet,man-men,mouse-mice,tooth-teeth,woman-women,goose-geese,ox-oxen,child-children.单复数同形:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,means,series,等某些外来词的特殊的变化:curriculum(curricula)课程,bacterium(bacteria)细菌,medium(media)媒体,crisis(crises)危机,basis(bases)基础复合名词的复数形式主体名词变为复数:looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by,son(s)-in-law,commander(s)-in-chief,editor(s)-in-chief等最末一个构成部分变为复数形式:film-goer(s),go-between(s),good-for-nothing(s),forget-me-not(s)勿忘我两个构成部分都变为复数:man-doctor(men-doctors),mancook(mencooks),man-writer(men-writers),woman-doctor(women-doctors)womancook(womencooks),womanwriter(womenwriters).复数的一些习惯用法只以复数形式出现的词:trousers,jeans,scissors,glasses,等往往和“apairof”连用。以s结尾的名词但非复数:mathematics,economics,physicspolitics(政治),news,gymnasticsaten-poundnote,two14-year-oldgirls,afour-weekholidayasix-minutewalk,five-foottall(五英尺高)Threeyearsisalongtimetobewithoutajob.Sixmilesistoofarformetowalk.I’mgoingtotakeataxi.名词的所有格’s所有格的构成方法:•单数名词在末尾加’s,theboy’sfather•以s结尾的复数形式名词,末尾仅加’,如thetwoboys’mother•以s结尾的单数人名变为所有格时,一般加’s,Thomas’sbrother•几个词作为一个单位时,’s应加在最后一个词的末,everyoneelse’sopinion•固定词组:atone’swit’send,astone’sthrow•表示度量,时间,空间,如aweek’sholiday,today’spost,•表示某些国家,城市,天体等名称的,theearth’ssurface,London’straffic•表示各自的所有关系时,一系列的名词末尾均需加’sJohn’sandSusan’sdesks,(约翰和苏珊各人的书桌)Of所有格的用法用于无生命的东西:如thesubjectofthesentence(句子的主语)用于名词化的形容词:thestruggleoftheoppressed(被压迫人名的斗争)名词的修饰语较多时,如:thenameofthemanoverthere双重所有格的运用详见书本第二单元冠词定冠词(the)的用法:(需强调的几点)特指一类人或东西:theJapanese,themasses(群众)独一无二的东西:thesun,themoon,theearth,可与一个形容词连用,代表一类人或东西:thedead,therich,thepoor,thewounded(受伤的人)在海洋,江河,山脉,群岛,海湾词前加the,但MountainTai形容词最高级和比较级前加the,如thebestgirl表序数词或next,last,same构成的名词短语:如thelastone不定冠词(a,an)的用法须强调的几点:表“一类”如:ateachermustlovehisstudents.(教师必须爱他的学生)特殊的用法:Thechildrenarejustofanage.(同岁)afullmoon,haveabiglunch.aChineseandanEnglishdictionary.(一本中文和一本英文字典)aChineseandEnglishdictionary.(一本汉英字典)零冠词的用法补充:在名字,国家,语言,球类,星期,月份,季节前,不用任何冠词,如:China,playfootball,onMonday,inwinter.表职位,头衔,社会关系等前,不用任何冠词,如:Lincolnwaselectedpresidentin1861.用于by交通工具时,如:bycar,byship,byplane.冠词的一些习惯用法gotouniversity(上大学),gotochurch,(做礼拜),inprison(坐牢)详见书本内容区别以下两组词组:outofthequestion(不可能)outofquestion(没问题)incaseof(万一,如果)inthecaseof(就…….来说)其他一些限定词的用法:both…..and….(两者都)either…..or…(或者…或者)neither…..nor(两者都不)第三单元代词代词可分为九类:人称代词(personalpronoun)物主代词(possessivepronoun)反身代词(reflexivepronoun)相互代词(reciprocalpronoun)指示代词(demonstrativepronoun)疑问代词(interrogativepronoun)关系代词(relativepronoun)连接代词(conjunctivepronoun)不定代词(indefinitepronoun)人称代词单数复数主格宾格主格宾格Imeweusyouyouyouyouhehimshehertheythemitit人称代词的一些其他用法Letus与let’s有时有异议,let’s多用表劝告或建议,包括自己与对方在内:let’sgo,shallwe?在不包括自己与对方在内的,pleaseletusknowthetimeofyourarrival.He和she常用来代表动物。如:It’sthefarmer’scow:shegiveslotsofmilk.国家,车船,大地,月亮等常以she代替,如:IthinkEnglandwilldowhatshepromisedtodo.We,you,they泛指一切人:We(you)shouldkeepcalmevenwhenwe(you)areindanger.物主代词的一些特殊用法物主代词分为名词性物主代词(mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs)•和形容词性物主代词(my,your,his,her,its,our,their)作介词宾语的用法(与of连用作定语):Heisaclosefriendofours.(他是我们中的一位亲密朋友。)Theremarkofyoursisquitecorrect.(你的那句话是很正确的。)下面这类结构中常用the代替物主代词:Hewaswoundedintheleg.Ihadacoldinthehead.Hetookmebythearm.自身代词自身代词的形式:单数:myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself.复数:ourselves,yourselves,themselves.自身代词的功用:作宾语:pleasehelpyourselftosomefish.作表语:I’mnotquitemyselfthesedays.作同位语:Hehimselfisadoctor.一些习惯用法:amongthemselves(ourselves)在他们(我们)之间betweenourselves私下说的话byoneself一个人,自己干foroneself替自己,为自己Inoneself就其本身来说,本人(not)beoneself身体康复(不适)tooneself供自己用自身代词常和某些动词连用:Ihopeyou’llenjoyyourselves.(希望你们玩的开心。)Shetoldtheboytobehavehimself.(她让孩子规矩点。)Pleasehelpyourselftosomefish.(请吃些鱼)Shedressed(herself)quicklyandwentdownstairs.(她匆忙穿上衣服就下楼了。)自身代词相互代词相互代词的形式:(eachother,oneanother)宾格,(eachother’s,oneanother’s)属格相互代词的功用:作宾语:Ithinkwemisunderstandeachother.Wecanhelponeanother.作定语:Theylookintoeachother’seyesforsilentmoment.Theyhavegreatconcernforoneanother’swork.(他们很关心彼此的工作。)分开使用有不同的含义:Weeachknowwhattheotherthinks.Thepas