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16.101xIntroductiontoAerodynamics(Draft)DavidDarmofal,MarkDrela,AlejandraUranga1MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyOctober16,20131c2013.Allrightsreserved.ThisdocumentmaynotbedistributedwithoutpermissionfromDavidDarmofal.iiiContents-1Overviewof16101x-99-1.1Overview.............................................-99-1.1.1Objectives,pre-requisites,andmodules.........................-98-1.1.2Measurableoutcomes..................................-97-1.1.3Contentsofamodule...................................-96-1.1.4Learningstrategy.....................................-950OfficeHourVideos-930.1Description............................................-930.1.1About...........................................-920.2October2nd............................................-920.2.1Molecularviewofpressureandfrictionalforcesonabody...............-910.2.2Glimpseintoexperimentalfluids.............................-900.3October16th............................................-900.3.1Whatisstall?.......................................-890.3.2AverybriefintroductiontoComputationalFluidDynamics...............-880.3.3Theroleofexperiment,theory,andcomputationinmodernaerodynamics.......-870.4October23rd...........................................-870.5November6th...........................................-870.6November20th..........................................-870.7December4th...........................................-870.8December18th..........................................-870.9January8th............................................-871AircraftPerformance91.1Overview.............................................91.1.1Measurableoutcomes...................................101.1.2Pre-requisitematerial...................................111.2ForcesonanAircraft.......................................111.2.1Typesofforces......................................12iii1.2.2Problem:Forceandvelocityforanaircraft........................131.2.3Aerodynamicforces....................................141.2.4Aerodynamicforce,pressure,andviscousstresses....................161.3Non-dimensionalParametersandDynamicSimilarity......................171.3.1Winggeometricparameters................................181.3.2Liftanddragcoefficientdefinition............................191.3.3Problem:Liftcoefficientcomparisonforgeneralaviationandcommercialtransportaircraft.........................................201.3.4Problem:Dragcomparisonforacylinderandfairing..................211.3.5Introductiontodynamicsimilarity............................221.3.6Machnumber.......................................231.3.7Reynoldsnumber.....................................251.3.8Problem:MachandReynoldsnumbercomparisonforgeneralaviationandcommercialtransportaircraft....................................271.3.9Dynamicsimilarity:summary..............................281.3.10Problem:Dynamicsimilarityforwindtunneltestingofageneralaviationaircraftatcruise..........................................291.4AerodynamicPerformance....................................291.4.1Aerodynamicperformanceplots.............................301.4.2Problem:Minimumtake-offspeed............................331.4.3Parabolicdragmodel...................................351.5CruiseAnalysis..........................................351.5.1Range...........................................361.5.2Problem:Rangeestimateforalargecommercialtransport...............391.5.3AssumptionsinBreguetrangeanalysis..........................401.6SampleProblems.........................................401.6.1Problem:Rateofclimb..................................411.6.2Problem:Maximumlift-to-dragratioforparabolicdrag.................421.6.3Problem:Powerdependenceonliftanddragcoefficients................431.7HomeworkProblems.......................................431.7.1:Problem:Liftanddragforaflatplateinsupersonicflow................441.7.2:Problem:Aerodynamicperformanceatdifferentcruisealtitudes............461.7.3Problem:Sensitivityofpayloadtoefficiency.......................492ControlVolumeAnalysisofMassandMomentumConservation512.1Overview.............................................512.1.1Measurableoutcomes...................................522.1.2Pre-requisitematerial...................................53iv2.2ContinuumModelofaFluid...................................532.2.1Continuumversusmoleculardescriptionofafluid....................542.2.2Solidsversusfluids....................................552.2.3Density..........................................562.2.4Pressure..........................................572.2.5Velocity..........................................582.2.6Problem:Velocityofafluidelement...........................602.2.7Steadyandunsteadyflows................................612.2.8Problem:Fluidelementinsteadyflow..........................622.2.9Pathlinesandstreamlines.................................632.3IntroductiontoControlVolumeAnalysis.............................632.3.1Controlvolumedefinition.................................642.3.2Conservationofmassandmomentum.