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1©NOKIATTKK00.PPT/18.10.2000/MikkoPesolaPracticalRFArchitecturesforGSMandWCDMAMobileTerminals83080ReceiverArchitecturesandSynchronizationinDigitalCommunications2©NOKIATTKK00.PPT/18.10.2000/MikkoPesolaMobileGenerations•1stgenerationsystems,analog•NMT,AMPS,TACS•2ndgenerationsystems,digital•GSM,IS-136TDMA,IS-95CDMA,PDC•3rdgenerationsystems,digitalwideband•WCDMAstandardshavebeenpreparedbyETSI(Europe),ARIB(Japan),TIA(USA),...•3GPP1isajointprojectthatcombinesallproposalsintoonestandard•Harmonizedstandardincludesthreemodes•Directsequencemodebasedon3GPP(UTRA2/FDD)•MulticarriermodebasedonCDMA2000(USAproposal)•TDDmodebasedon3GPP(UTRA/TDD)1)3GPP=3rdGenerationPartnershipProject2)UTRA=UniversalTerrestrialRadioAccess3©NOKIATTKK00.PPT/18.10.2000/MikkoPesolaMainDriversforRFArchitectureDesign•Cost,Size,Powerconsumption•Systemcomplexity,timetomarketComponentcountinGSMRF05010015020025030035040045050019941996199820004©NOKIATTKK00.PPT/18.10.2000/MikkoPesolaDesignProcess-timetomarketReqSpec'sReqSpec'sApplicationsApplicationsSystemDesignSystemDesignRF-,A/ASICDesignRF-,A/ASICDesignMfgramp-upMfgramp-upIntegrationIntegrationHW,PCB,pkgHW,PCB,pkgMech.DesignMech.DesignConceptsConceptsD/ASICDesignD/ASICDesignDSP,MCUSWdesignDSP,MCUSWdesignCriticalInterface:fromsystemdesigntodetaileddesignCriticalInterface:fromdetaileddesigntointegration5©NOKIATTKK00.PPT/18.10.2000/MikkoPesolaGSMSpecificationsforReceiver•Badframeindicationperformance•Sensitivity•Usablereceiverinputlevelrange•Co-channelrejection•Adjacentchannelrejection(selectivity)•Intermodulationrejection•Blockingandspuriousresponse•AMsuppression6©NOKIATTKK00.PPT/18.10.2000/MikkoPesolaExampleofsensitivityspecificationTable1:ReferencesensitivityperformanceGSM900TypeofPropagationconditionschannelstaticTU50TU50RA250HT100(noFH)(idealFH)(noFH)(noFH)FACCH/H(FER)0.1%6.9%6.9%5.7%10.0%FACCH/F(FER)0.1%8.0%3.8%3.4%6.3%SDCCH(FER)0.1%13%8%8%12%RACH(FER)0.5%13%13%12%13%SCH(FER)1%16%16%15%16%TCH/F9.6&H4.8(BER)10-50.5%0.4%0.1%0.7%TCH/F4.8(BER)-10-410-410-410-4TCH/F2.4(BER)-210-410-510-510-5TCH/H2.4(BER)-10-410-410-410-4TCH/FS(FER)0.1α%6α%3α%2α%7α%classIb(RBER)0.4/α%0.4/α%0.3/α%0.2/α%0.5/α%classII(RBER)2%8%8%7%9%TCH/HS(FER)0.025%4.1%4.1%4.1%4.5%classIb(RBER,BFI=0)0.001%0.36%0.36%0.28%0.56%classII(RBER,BFI=0)0.72%6.9%6.9%6.8%7.6%(UFR)0.048%5.6%5.6%5.0%7.5%classIb(RBER,(BFIorUFI)=0)0.001%0.24%0.24%0.21%0.32%(EVSIDR)0.06%6.8%6.8%6.0%9.2%(RBER,SID=2and(BFIorUFI)=0)0.001%0.01%0.01%0.01%0.02%(ESIDR)0.01%3.0%3.0%3.2%3.4%(RBER,SID=1orSID=2)0.003%0.3%0.3%0.21%0.42%7©NOKIATTKK00.PPT/18.10.2000/MikkoPesolaHowtoconvertsystemspecificationstoRFdesignparameters?•Fromthebiterrorrate(BER)requirementofthewholephonewecanderivesecondaryspecificationsfortheradiosection(Gain,SignaltoNoiseratio,Linearity)•SystemspecificationanddetectorimplementationdefinetherequiredS/Nratio•GSMneeds8…9dBS/N(numberincludessomeimplementationmargin2…3dB)RadioRadiosectionsectionDetectorDetectorBERBERC/NC/N--15dBm15dBm......--102dBm102dBm8©NOKIATTKK00.PPT/18.10.2000/MikkoPesolaSensitivityff00S/N=S/N=9dB9dBNFNF=P=Pss+174dBm+174dBm--10logB10logB--S/NS/NwherewhereBisequivalentnoisebandwidthofthereceiverBisequivalentnoisebandwidthofthereceiverPPssisreferencesensitivitylevelisreferencesensitivitylevelForGSM900MHzPForGSM900MHzPss==--102dBm102dBm--NF=10dBNF=10dBSignalmustbe9dBabovenoisefloor,soSignalmustbe9dBabovenoisefloor,sorequirementforreceivernoisefigure(NF)isrequirementforreceivernoisefigure(NF)isPowerPower9©NOKIATTKK00.PPT/18.10.2000/MikkoPesolaSensitivityandSelectivity•Cascadednoisefigure•NF=10logF,whereNFisnoisefigureandFisnoisefactor•F=F1+(F2-1)/G1+(F3-1)/G1G2+…+(Fn-1)/G1G2…Gn-1•RFsectionmusthaveenoughgaintoprovideadequatesignallevelforA/Dconverter•[e-mail]100mVatA/Dconverterinput,voltagegainneedstobe20log(100mV/1.8uV)=95dBF1F2G1G2F10©NOKIATTKK00.PPT/18.10.2000/MikkoPesolaSelectivity•BeforedetectorinterferingsignalsneedtobefilteredsothatS/Nisadequate•ThisattenuationissplitbetweenIFfilter,analogBBfilteranddigitalfilterafterA/D•DigitalfilteringatbasebandwouldbecosteffectivebutthenA/Dcovertermustbeabletohandlewiderdynamicrange(typicalA/Dresolution10…12bits)•Distributionofgainandselectivityaffectsalsolinearityrequirementoftheanalogpart•Ifinterferingsignalisforexample-43dBm-5mV@50ohmandweamplifythat95dBthesignallevelwouldbe280V!MicrosoftExcelWorksheet11©NOKIATTKK00.PPT/18.10.2000/MikkoPesolaPhaseNoise•Localoscillator(LO)phasenoisehaseffectbothonsensitivityandselectivity•Phasenoisemaypassthroughmixeranddegradesensitivitydifferentways1)NoiseatIFleaksdirectlyintomixerIFport2)NoiseatRFleaksdirectlyintomixerRFport3)NoiseatthedistanceofIFfromtheRX-frequencymixeswithRXandappearsinthemixerIFport4)NoiseatthedistanceofIFfromtheLO-frequencymixeswithLOandappearsinthemixerIFportIFIFIFRXIF4)4)3)2)1)RXIFLO12©NOKIATTKK00.PPT/18.10.2000/MikkoPesolaPhasenoise•LOmixesbothwithwantedsignalandinterferingsignal•LOspectrumshiftstoIFLORXInterferenceIFIF13©NOKIATTKK00.PPT/18.10.2000/MikkoPesolaPhasenoise•Usuallyselectivitys