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1Chapter3MachineryandEquipmentforDirect/IndirectHotExtrusionTHEMACHINERYANDEQUIPMENTrequiredforrod(杆,棒,竿)andtubeextrusionisdeterminedbythespecificextrusionprocess.Ideally,themachineryandequipmentshouldhaveflexibilitybut,also,providespecificextrusionprocesswiththeoptimum(最适宜的)qualityandeconomicefficiency.Directhotextrusionisthemostwidelyusedprocess,andthetermextrusionusuallyreferstothisprocess.Themachineryusedisusuallybasedonso-calledstandarddesigns.Theotherextrusionprocessesusuallyrequirespeciallydevelopedmachines.Theyaredesignedaccordinglyandbuilttomeettheneedsoftheoperator.注释:rod[rɔd]杆,棒,竿optimum['ɔptiməm]最适宜的3.1MachineryforDirectExtrusionThedesignofadirect-extrusionpressisdeterminedbythefollowingfactors:●Producta.Aluminumandaluminumalloys(lightmetal)easytoextrudeand/ordifficulttoextrude.Wire(金属丝制的;金属网制的),bar(木、金属等的条),section,hollowsection,andwideflatsectionsb.Copper(铜)andcopperalloysincludingbrass(黄铜)(heavymetal)easytoextrudeand/ordifficulttoextrude.Wire,bar,andsectionc.Steelandhigh-strengthsteelalloyseasytoextrudeand/ordifficulttoextrude.●Processtechnology2a.Extrusionwithoutlubrication(润滑)andwithoutashell(壳)b.Extrusionwithoutlubricationandwithashellc.Extrusionwithlubricationwithoutashell●Toolinga.Container(挤压筒),stem(杆),dummyblock(挤压垫),anddieThewiderangeofdifferentdesignsforextrusionpresseshasrecentlybeenreducedinmostextrusionplantstoafewhigh-output(高输出)types.Therefore,onlyextrusionpressdesignsthatdominate(主导)today’smarketarediscussedinthischapter.ThesearereferredtoasstandardextrusionpressesinTable3.1.Direct-extrusionpressesaccountformorethan95%ofthetotalvolumeofallpresses.Thedirect-extrusionpressisusedforallcurrentextrusionprocesses.Machinesforthedirecthotextrusionoflight-metalalloysaremainlyusedfortheextrusionofsection(80%),tube(10%),androd(10%)inaluminumandaluminumalloys.Themachinesfordirecthotextrusionofheavymetals,mainlycopperandcopperalloys,areusedfortheextrusionofrod,wire,andsection(60%)(mainlyinbrass)andtube(40%)(mainlyincopper).Table3.1Pressesforthedirectextrusionofaluminumalloys(lightmetal),copperalloys(heavymetal),andsteel3Steelandsteelalloysareonlyproducedbyextrusiontoalimitedextent(范围,程度),andthenonlywhenrolling(滚压;轧制)isnotpossibleorthevolumesaretoosmall.Thefollowingmajorpointsmustbeconsideredintheconstructionofextrusionpresses:●Technologyrequirements:Thiscoversthemetallurgical(冶金的,冶金学的)aspectsofthedeformationtechnologyofextrusion.●Economicfactors:Theeconomicneedforrationalization(合理化)intheconstructionofextrusionpressesismostclearlyseeninaluminumextrusion.Newextrusionplantsarebuiltasintegrated(整合的)productionlines.Theyincludebilletstores,billetheating,extrusionpress,handlingequipmentwithlongitudinal(纵向的)andtransverse(横向的)conveyors(输送带),sectioncoolingsystems,stretcher(拉伸机),cut-to-lengthsaws(定长剪切锯床)andstackers(栈式存储器),aswellasheattreatmentequipmentandpacking(包装)lines.Similardevelopmentscanbefoundinheavy-metalextrusionplants.Sophisticated(富有经验的;精致的;复杂的)systemsforelectronicdatacollectionanddataanalysisfortheeconomicoptimalproductionarealreadyconsideredtobestandard.注释:Wire['waiə]金属丝制的;金属网制的bar[bɑ:](木、金属等的)条Copper['kɔpə]铜brass[brɑ:s]黄铜lubrication[,lu:bri'keiʃən]润滑shell[ʃel]壳Container[kən'teinə]挤压筒stem[stem]杆dummy['dʌmi]block[blɔk]挤压垫high-output高输出extent[iks'tent]范围,程度rolling['rəuliŋ]滚压;轧制metallurgical[,metə'lə:dʒikəl]冶金的,冶金学的rationalization[,ræʃənəlai'zeiʃən]合理化4integrated['intigreitid]整合的longitudinal[,lɔndʒi'tju:dinəl]纵向的transverse[trænz'və:s]横向的conveyors[kən'veiə]输送带stretcher['stretʃə]拉伸机cut-to-lengthsaws定长剪切锯床stackers['stækə]栈式存储器packing['pækiŋ]包装Sophisticated[sə'fistikeitid]富有经验的;精致的;复杂的3.1.1ExtrusionPressDesignPrinciplesInitialdiscussions,over50yearsago,torationalizetheconstructionofextrusionpresses,resultedinthestandardizationofextrusiontoolingin(DIN24540).Withinthelast30years,thepressmanufacturingcompanieshaveintroducedstandardizeddesignsontothemarket.Table3.1showsthefeaturesofextrusionpressesforlightmetals,heavymetals,andsteel.Themainfeatureofthedirect-extrusionpressisthestationarycontainerduringextrusion.Thedie,whichisalsostationary,andthesupporttoolingarelocatedatoneoftheendfacesofthecontainer,infrontofthecontainerbore((管、圆筒的)空心部分,膛孔).Oppositethedie,thedummyblocklocatedinfrontoftheextrusionstempushesthebilletthroughthecontainerbore,andthesectionemerges(形成,出现)throughthedie(Fig.3.1).Fig.3.1Toolarrangementfordirectextrusion5Thegeometricproportions(比例;大小)fordifferentdesignsfordirectextrusionareshowninFig.3.2.Themostcommondesignofextrusionpresstodayistheprestressed(预应力的)four-columnpress(四柱压力机).Itisusuallybuiltwithastandardstroke(行程,冲程),whichprovidesgoodaccessandeasymaintenance(维护,保持,维修).Inastandard-strokepress,thebilletisloadedbetweenthecontainerandthestem.Thepressstrokeisdeterminedbytheloadingstrokeandtheextrusionstroke.Therearenospecificrequirementsplacedonthequalityofthebilletgeometry;itisnotimportantforthebilletloading.Over95%ofextrusionpressesinextrusionplantsFig.3.2Geometricrelationshipsfordifferentdesignsfordirectextrusion6arestandard-strokes.Figure3.3showsa75MNaluminumextrusionpresswithe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