第二章化学热力学1第二章化学热力学1.某系统由A状态变化到B状态共经历了三个步骤:(1)吸热300kJ,对外做功100kJ;(2)放热50kJ,体积不变;(3)环境对系统做功500kJ,无热量变化。试计算该系统热力学能的变化量U。解:u=1u+2u+3u1u=300-100=200kJ2u=-50kJ3u=+500kJu=200-50+500=650kJ2.比较下列各组物质中,何者有较大的焓值?(1)298K的1molL-1H2O(l)和348K的1molL-1H2O(l);(2)1molCH3OH(l)和1molCH3OH(g);(3)1molC(石墨)、1molO2(g)和1mol的CO2;(4)1molN2(g)、3molH2(g)的混合物和2molNH3(g)。解:(1)298K的1molL-1H2O(l)348K的1molL-1H2O(l);(2)1molCH3OH(l)1molCH3OH(g);(3)1molC(石墨)=1molO2(g)1mol的CO2;(4)1molN2(g)、3molH2(g)的混合物2molNH3(g)注:fmH(CO2)=-393.509kJmol-1;fmH(NH3)=-46.11kJmol-13.利用标准摩尔生成焓fmH数据,计算下列反应的标准摩尔反应焓:(1)2CH4(g)=C2H4(g)+2H2(g)(4)2NaHCO3(s)=Na2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(l)解:(1)2CH4(g)=C2H4(g)+2H2(g)fmH/kJmol-1-74.8152.260第二章化学热力学2rmH=BfmBvH=(52.26+20)-2(-74.81)=201.88kJmol-1(2)2NaHCO3(s)=Na2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(l))fmH/kJmol-1-950.81-1130.68-393.509-285.830rmH=BfmBvH=[(-285.830)+(-393.509)+(-1130.68)]-2(-950.81)=(-1810.9)+1901.62=91.601kJmol-15.碳化硅(俗称金刚砂)是一种重要的工业材料。已知反应SiO2(s)+3C(石墨)=SiC(s)+2CO(g),标准摩尔反应焓ΔrHΘm=+624kJ·mol−1,试用附录中的有关数据计算SiC(s)的标准摩尔生成焓。解:SiO2(s)+3C(石墨)=SiC(s)+2CO(g)fmH/kJmol-1-393.4090-110.525rmH=[fmH(SiC,s)+2fmH(CO,g)]-[fmH(SiO2,s)+3fmH(C,石墨)]fmH(SiC,s)=rmH+fmH(SiO2,s)+3fmH(C,石墨)-2fmH(CO,g)S=624+(-903.49)+30-2(-110.525)=-58.44kJmol-16.煤的气化技术是由下列热化学反应组成,由碳与水反应生成甲烷。已知:C(石墨)+H2O(g)=CO(g)+H2(g),fmH=+131.4kJmol-1CO(g)+H2O(g)=CO2(g)+H2(g),fmH=-41.4kJmol-1CO(g)+3H2(g)=CH4(g)+H2O(g),fmH=-206.2kJmol-1第二章化学热力学3解:(1)2+(2)+(3)得:2C(石墨)+2H2O(g)=CH4(g)+CO2(g)rmH=21rmH+2rmH+3rmH=2131.4+(-41.4)+(-206.2)=15.2kJmol-1查p333附表一得:2C(石墨)+2H2O(g)=CH4(g)+CO2(g)fmH/kJmol-10-241.818-74.81-393.509rmH=BfmBvH=(-74.81)+(-393.509)-2(-241.818)=15.317kJmol-115.317-15.2=0.117kJmol-1,二者相差不大。7.如果仅从单位质量的放热量来作比较,试问C2H2(g)、B2H6(g)、SiH4(g)和N2H4(l)中何者是最佳的高能燃料?解:(1)C2H2(g)+5/2O2(g)=2CO2(g)+H2O(l)rmH=-1299.6kJmol-1-1299.6/26=-49.98kJmol-1(2)B2H6(g)+3O2(g)=B2O3(g)+3H2O(l)rmH=-2026.6kJmol-1-2026.6/27.62=-73.77kJmol-1(3)SiH4(g)+2O2(g)=2SiO2(s)+2H2O(l)rmH=-1516.8kJmol-1-1516.8/32.09=-42.27kJmol-1(4)N2H4(l)+O2(g)=N2(g)+2H2O(l)rmH=-622.2kJmol-1-622.2/32.02=-19.43kJmol-1单位质量放热最多得是B2H6,B2H6是最佳燃料。9.据附录中标准摩尔熵的数据,计算下列反应的标准摩尔熵变:(2)NH3(g)+HCl(g)=NH4Cl(s)第二章化学热力学4(4)Fe3O4(s)+4CO(g)=3Fe(s)+4CO2(g)解:(2)查p333附表一得NH3(g)+HCl(g)=NH4Cl(s)mS/Jmol-1K-1192.45186.90894.6rmS=BmBvS=94.6-(186.908+192.45)=-284.758Jmol-1K-1(4)查p333附表一得Fe3O4(s)+4CO(g)=3Fe(s)+4CO2(g)mS/Jmol-1K-1146.4197.67427.28213.7rmS=BmBvS=(327.28+4213.74)-(146.4+4197.674)=-0.296Jmol-1K-111.利用一氧化碳和氢合成甲醇是一重要的工业反应:CO+2H2(g)=CH3OH(l),试用fmG直接计算和用fmH、rmS的等温方程式两种方法计算该反应的Gibbs函数变rmG,并判断该反应在298K时能否自发进行?解:查p333附表一得CO+2H2(g)=CH3OH(l)fmG/kJmol-1-137.1680-166.27rmG=()BfmBvGB=(-166.27)-[(-137.168)+20]=-29.102kJmol-1第二章化学热力学5CO+2H2(g)=CH3OH(l)fmH/kJmol-1-110.5250-238.66mS/Jmol-1K-1197.674130.684126.8rmH=BfmBvH=(-238.66)-[(-110.525)+0]=-128.135kJmol-1rmS=BmBvS=126.8-(197.674+130.684)=-332.242Jmol-1K-1rmG=rmH-TrmS=-128.135-298(-332.242)/1000=-29.13kJmol-1二者相差不大。12.已知H2(g)+1/2O2(g)=H2O(l)rmG=-236.87kJmol-1H2O(l)H2O(g)rmG=8.59kJmol-1H2O(g)+Cl2(g)=2HCl(g)+1/2O2(g)rmG=38.1kJmol-1试计算HCl(g)的标准摩尔生成Gibbs函数变fmG解:H2(g)+1/2O2(g)=H2O(l)rmG=-236.87kJmol-1(1)H2O(l)H2O(g)rmG=8.59kJmol-1(2)H2O(g)+Cl2=2HCl(g)+1/2O2(g)rmG=38.1kJmol-1(3)(1)+(2)+(3)得:H2(g)+Cl2(g)=2HCl(g)fmG=1rmG+2rmG+3rmG=(-236.87)+8.59+38.1=-190.18kJmol-1第二章化学热力学615.用BaCO3热分解制取BaO,反应温度要在1640K左右。如将BaCO3与碳黑或碎碳混合,按下式反应:BaCO3(s)+C(s)=BaO(s)+2CO(g),则所需温度可显著降低。试用热力学计算说明这一过程(已知fmG(BaO,s)=-525.1kJmol-1)。解:BaCO3(s)+C(s)=BaO(s)+2CO(g)fmH/kJmol-1-121.030-553.5-110.525mS/Jmol-1K-1112.15.74070.42197.674rmH=BfmBvH=(-553.5)+2(110.525)-[(-121.03)+0]==445.752kJmol-1rmS=BmBvS=(70.42+2197.674)-(112.1+5.740)=374.928Jmol-1K-1T转=rmH/rmS=445.7521000/374.928=1270K1640K16.水煤气制造反应C(s)+H2O(l)=CO(g)+H2(g),试计算:(1)该反应在298K、100kPa下能否自发进行?(2)该反应在1000K、100kPa下能否自发进行?解:C(s)+H2O(l)=CO(g)+H2(g)fmH/kJmol-10-241.818-110.5250mS/Jmol-1K-15.740188.825197.674130.684rmH=BfmBvH=[(-110.525)+0]-[(-241.818)+0]=131.299kJmol-1rmS=BmBvS第二章化学热力学7=(197.674+130.684)–(5.740+188.825)=133.793Jmol-1K-1rmG=rmH-TrmST=298K时,rmG=131.299-298133.793/1000=91.42kJmol-10,反应不能自发进行。T=1000K时,rmG=131.299-1000133.793/1000=-2.50kJmol-10,反应能自发进行。18.(1)计算碳酸镁MgCO3(s)的热分解生成MgO(s)和CO2(g)的反应,在298K、100kPa时的标准摩尔反应Gibbs函数变rmG;(2)计算该反应自发进行的温度条件。解:MgCO3(s)=MgO(s)+CO2(g)fmH/kJmol-1-1095.8-597.98-393.509mS/Jmol-1K-165.727.91213.74rmH=BfmBvH=[(-597.98)+(-393.509)]-(-1095.8)=104.311kJmol-1rmS=BmBvS=27.91+213.74-65.7=175.95Jmol-1K-1(1)T=298K时,rmG=104.311-298175.95/1000=51.88kJmol-1(2)rmG=0,104.311=T转175.95/1000T转=592.9K=593K