英汉对比与翻译(二)英汉句法现象的对比2.句法现象的对比A:Peoplearealwaystalkingabout“theproblemofyouth”.Ifthereisone—whichItakeleavetodoubt—thenitisolderpeoplewhocreateit,nottheyoungthemselves.Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeings—peoplejustliketheirelders.Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:andmaybethatiswheretherubis.人们总是在谈论“青年人问题”。如果真有这么一个问题——对这一点我要不揣冒昧地表示怀疑——那也是年长者造出来的,而不是青年人自己造成的。让我们认真考虑一下问题的根本吧,而且我们要承认青年人毕竟是人——跟他们长辈一样的人。青年人和老年人之间只有一点不同,那就是青年人的光辉未来在他们前头,而老年人的辉煌已经留在他们身后,或许这就是问题之所在。B.HethatlovesglasswithoutG,TakesawayLandthatishe.中文也有类似拆字游戏:此木是柴山山出因火生烟夕夕多(纪)(GlasswithoutGislass,meaninga“youngwoman”.IftheListakenawayfrom“lass”,whatremainsisan“ass”,referringtoadonkeyorastupidperson.Thus,itmeans“Hewholoveswomenisastupidperson”.(孙利民,2005:74)在翻译实践中,我们通常把句子作为操作处理的基本单位。英语和汉语的句子结构及句法既有相似之处,更有明显的区别。(傅晓玲等,2004:58)1)时态对比:英语的时态有十六种,与汉语的时态相比要复杂得多,汉语一般没有时态的变化。如:IwillgotoBeijingtomorrowafternoon.(我明天下午去北京)Jackusedtobeagovernmentofficial,butheisinprisonnow.(杰克从前是个政府官员,现在是犯人。)2)句子结构A)Thetwocountries—withallthetalkofwarmerrelations—arespyingoneachotherasavidlyasattheheightofthecoldwar.(尽管两国高唱关系改善,但双方仍像在冷战期间一样互相侦察对方)B)Thequestioniswhetherhecanunderstandwhatshesaidaboutherposition.(问题是他能不能理解她的立场)C)Hardlyhadhegothome,itbegantoraincatsanddogs.(他一回到家,天就下起了瓢泼大雨。)D)LittledidIthenknowthemeaningofwarandwhatitwasinreality.(inverted)当时我确实还不太懂战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。E)Bythetimeheenteredcollege,hehadbeenexposedtoEnglishfor6years.上大学前,他学英语已经有六年时间了。英语和汉语句子中语态的使用频率存在一定的差异。被动语态在英语中的使用比率相对与汉语而言要多。Nothingwasgainedbyalltheovercaution.所有这些谨小慎微,到头来一无所得。Imusthavebeencheatedagain.我准是又上当了。ToprotectthewhalefromthecoldoftheArcticseas,naturehasprovideditwithathickcoveringoffatcalledblubber.Whenthewhaleiskilled,theblubberisstrippedoffandboileddown,eitheronboardshiporonshore.大自然为保护鲸,使它不致在北冰洋受冻,便让它长了一曾厚厚的脂肪,叫做鲸脂。鲸杀死后,把鲸脂剥下来熬油,这项工作有的在船上进行,有的在岸上进行。3)复合句顺序(短语顺序)翻译下列句子,注意排列顺序的差异:Rocketresearchhasconfirmedastrangefactwhichhadalreadybeensuspectedthereisa“hightemperaturebelt”intheatmosphere,withitscentreroughlythirtymilesabovetheground.人们早就怀疑,大气层中有一个“高温带”,其中心在距地面约30英里的高空。利用火箭进行研究后,这一奇异的事实已得到证实。A.时间顺序Inanycase,itwasthemostindependentandself-reliantfamilieswhowerethefirsttopushwestwardtotheAppalachianMountains,thensouthwardalongthemountainvalleys,thenintothegreatCentralBasinandfinallywestwardbeyondtheRockies.无论如何,他们都非常独立,不靠别人只靠自己。他们先往西走,到达阿巴拉契亚山脉,后顺着山谷往南走,进入中央大盆地,后又向西越过了落矶山脉。Theywenttoseeafilmaftertheyvisitedtheiroldfriends.Aftertheyvisitedtheiroldfriendsthere,theywenttoseeafilm.Itwasat9:00,September1st,1889,thatthemeetingwasheldinasecreteplace.B)空间顺序Arablelandsarefewandlimited;withbutslightexceptionstheprospectisabroadrichmassofgrassandtrees,mantlingminorhillsanddaleswithinthemajor.SuchisthevaleofBlackmore.(TessoftheD’Urbeverills,Hardy)长庄稼的地块数不多,面积有限,全副景物,除了很小的例外,是大山抱小山,大谷套小谷,而在那些小山小谷上盖着一片连绵、茂盛的草和树。布蕾谷就是这种样子。(张谷若翻译)Hardy让人先看到的是草和树,再是小山和小谷再是大山和大谷;而以上译文根据汉语的习惯作了适当的调整。C)逻辑顺序英语——因可前可后,汉语——先因后果;NowtourismhasgrowninimportancetosuchanextentthatmanyThirdWorldcountriescannotbalancetheirfinancialbudgetaccountswithouttheirconsiderableearningsfromtourism.现在,旅游业越来越重要,如果少了这一块巨额收入,第三世界国家就无法平衡其财政预算。条件句中,英语的条件可前可后,汉语,先条件,再结果Ifthesystemisusedintheproperwaytotrainumpires,wecanlookatthisandseeifthere’ssomekindofflaw.如果我们合理地运用该系统来培训裁判员,就能通过该系统发现存在的缺陷。表目的与行动的复合句ToprovetheirpointtheyscaledupachickentothesizeofTyrannosaurusrexandfoundthegiantchickenprobablywouldnothavebeenabletostand.为了证明自己的观点,他们按比例把一只鸡放大到暴龙族恐龙大小,结果发现这只巨鸡可能站都站不住。表结果与理由Theconsiderablecreditthatisduetohimisnotforhavinginventedamethodwhichothershadpioneered.他之所以大受赞扬,并不是因为他在前人开创的战术方面有新的建树。4)倒装结构(oftenseeninEnglishbutrareinChinese)(here,there,now,then,out,up;be,come,go,exist,live,follow)1)Hereistheverypassportthatyouhavelost.这正是你所丢失的那本护照。2)Therestandsagreattempleonthetopofthatmountain.那座山的山顶上有一座巨大的寺庙。3)Upwenttherocketintothespaceinaninstant.顷刻间,“嗖”的一声,火箭飞向太空。4)Thencamethedaywehadbeenlookingforwardto.我们期盼的这一天终于到来了!only5)Onlywhenoneisilldoesherealizethevalueofhealth.只有当一个人生病时,才会意识到健康的价值。6)NotonlywasJackLondonawell-knownnovelist,but(hewas)alsoapoet.杰克·伦敦不仅是著名的小说家,还是一位诗人。否定意义的副词或副词短语(never,seldom,hardly,scarcely,nowhere,innocase,undernoconditions,notintheleast,innoway,bynomeans,onnoaccount)7)NeverinmylifehaveIheardofsuchastrangething!我这辈子都没听到过这么离奇的事情!(老头子老婆子的口头禅)8)InnocasewillChinabethefirsttousenuclearweapons.中国决不第一个使用核武器!9)Onnoaccountsarevisitorsallowedtofeedtheanimals.游客不得给动物喂食。so…that...10)Sofastdidhewalkthatnoneofuswashisequal.他走路非常快,谁都不是他的对手。11)Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim.他看起来滑稽可笑,大家都盯着他瞧。虚拟条件句如省略if12)Hadyouworkedharder,youwouldhavesucceeded.要再努力一把,就会成功了。13)Wereitnotforyou,Iwouldfail.如果没有你,我会失败的。hardly…when…;nosooner…than14)HardlyhadIarrivedwhenIhadanewproblemtocopewith.我刚到就碰到一个新问题需要处理。15)Nosoonerwasshebackathomethansherealizedhermistake.她一回家,就意识到自己犯了个错误。地点状语放句首16)Onthefloorwerepilesofoldbooksandnewspaper.地板上堆放着旧书和报纸。17)Onahillinf