第四章:翻译技巧(上)Amplification(增词法)Byamplificationwemeansupplyingnecessarywordsinourtranslationworksoastomaketheversioncorrectandclear,tomakeitmorelikethelanguagetranslatedinto.Ofcoursewordsthussuppliedmustindispensableeithersyntacticallyorsemantically.Inotherwords,atranslatorisnotsupposedtoaddanymeaningtotheoriginal.Therearetwokinds:1)Wordsforsyntacticconstruction—tosecurecorrectness,2)Wordssuppliedforsemanticcompletion—tosecureclearness.Bothaimatmakingtheversionexpressiveandreadilyunderstoodbythereader.Examples:presidentialhistorian“总统的历史学家”研究总统的历史学家Formistakeshadbeenmade,badones,hewasseverelycriticized.“因为已经犯了错误,很严重,他受到了严厉的批评”“因为已经犯了错误,而且是很严重的错误,他受到了严厉的批评”Rocketresearchhasprovedthestrangefact…..通过火箭进行研究……HowshewishedshecouldsendthatmantotheFuries—forthepunishmentshethoughthedeserved.Furies[希神]复仇女神(“土地”和“黑暗”的三个女儿,以清算罪恶为职责,被描绘成庄严、美丽的女郎,Fury为其中之一)她真想把那个臭男人交给那母夜叉去整治整治,也好让她出口恶气。(一)英译汉常用的增益法I.增加原文中省略的部分1.Sincethefirsttestoftheatomicbombtheworldhaslearntthattheatomcanbesplitanditspowerused.(power后省略了canbe)自从第一颗原子弹试验以来,全世界都已知道,原子可以分裂,原子能可以利用。2.Afoolandhiswordsaresoonparted;amanofgeniusandhismoney.(money后省略了aresoonparted)愚人会很快忘记说过的话,智者会很快放弃手里的钱。3.Bothhumanandcowmilkarenaturallyspicedwithasmallamountofmorphine.(human后省略了milk)人乳与牛乳均含有少量吗啡。4.So-calledconvenienceandfrozenfoodsarenowaspopularinEuropeastheyareinAmerica.如今,所谓的方便食品和速冻食品风靡欧洲,就像在美国一样大众化。5.Theheartisslightlybiggerthanafist,andliesbetweenthelungs.心脏略大于一个拳头,位于两肺之间。6.Womenhaveoutgrownthejumping-on-chair-at–the-sight-of-a-mouseera,buthesaysthattheyhavenot.女性已经不再像从前那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上;而他则认为,今天的女性还没有取得这样的进步。7.Populationincreaseanddecreaserelativelynotonlytooneanother,butalsotonaturalresources.人口的增减不仅彼此有相对关系,而且也和自然资源有相对关系。8.Withoutasenseofyourfault,howcanrepentanceandamendmentbeexpected?如果对自己的错误都不能认识到,怎么能指望你会悔改呢?9.Sinceairhasweight,itexertsforceonanyobjectimmersedinit.因为空气具有重量,所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。II.增加意义上或修辞上的需要的部分1.Heleftwithoutaword.他一句话也不说就走了。2.Whataleaderhewas!他真是一个出类拔萃的领袖啊。3.Personaltragedyhauntedhisentirelife,inthedeathsoflovedones.亲人的相继离世是他的一生充满了个人悲剧。4.Disappearancesoccurredwithapparentlyincreasingfrequency.失踪事件接二连三地发生,显然越来越频繁。5.Shewarmlywelcomedherguestsinandbroughtthemacupoftea.她热情地将客人们迎进来,然后给他们各端了一杯茶。6.AuntHarrietusedtoentertainlavishly.哈丽特阿姨时常慷慨地款待客人。7.TheywantedtoeasethetensionintheMiddleEast.他们试图缓解中东的紧张局势。8.Therewererowsofhouseswhichhehadneverseenbefore.一排排的房子,都是他从来没有见过的。9.Dayafterdayhecametohiswork---sweeping,scrubbing,cleaning.他每天来干活------扫地,擦地板,收拾房间。10.Thethesissummedupthenewachievementsmadeincomputers,artificialsatellitesandrockets.该论文总结了计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的最新成就。1、增加动词1).Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记(写作)使人准确。2).Wedon’tregret,weneverhaveandneverwill.我们不会后悔,我们从来没有后悔过,我们将来也不会后悔。3).Afterthebasketball,hestillhasanimportantconference.看完篮球比赛之后,他还有一个重要会议要参加。4).Hedismissedthemeetingwithoutaclosingspeech.他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。5).Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.(comparethiswithS1)读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修辞使人善辩。2.增加形容词或副词1).WithwhatenthusiasmtheChinesepeoplearebuildingsocialism!中国人民正以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊!2).Thecrowdsmeltedaway.人群渐渐散开了。3).Ashesatdownandbegantalking,wordspouredout.他一坐下来就讲开了,滔滔不绝地讲个没完。4).Shelingeredlongoverhisletter.她反反复复地回味着他的来信。5).Inthefilmsofthosedays,alltoooftenitwasthesameone:boytractordrivermeetsgirltractordriver;theyfallinloveanddrivetractortogether.在那时候的电影里,总是老一套:男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇,继而相爱,终而并肩开拖拉机了。3.增加名词Todosomeshopping买东西Todosomewashing洗衣服1).Firstyouborrow,thenyoubeg.头一遭借钱,下一遭就讨饭。2).Marywashedforalivingafterherhusbanddiedofcancer.玛丽的丈夫癌症去世后,就靠洗衣服维持生活。3).Heateanddrank,forhewasexhausted.他吃了点东西,喝了点酒,因为他疲惫不堪了。4).ThedevelopmentofeconomyremainsoneoftheprioritiesoftheChineseGovernment.发展经济仍然是中国政府的首要课题/任务之一。5).Thatblackjacketisindeedcheapandfine.那件黑夹克真是价廉物美。6).Hewaswrinkledandblack,withscantgrayhair.他满脸皱纹,皮肤黝黑,头发灰白稀疏。7).Anewkindofcar—small,cheap—isattractingincreasingattention.一种新型轿车正越来越引起人们的注意——这种轿车体积小,价钱便宜。8).Hisarrogancemadeeveryonedislikehim.他的傲慢态度使谁也不喜欢他。9).Afterallpreparationsweremade,theplaneswereflownacrosstheU.S.toSanFrancisco.一切准备工作就绪以后,飞机就飞越美国去了旧金山。topersuade说服persuasion说服工作toprepare准备preparation准备工作backward落后backwardness落后状态tense紧张tension紧张局势arrogant自满arrogance自满情绪mad疯狂madness疯狂行为antagonistic敌对antagonism敌对态度4、增加语气词或量词1).Don’tgetangry.I’mjustmakingfunofyou.不要生气嘛!我不过开开玩笑罢了。2).Asforme,Ididn’tagreefromtheverybeginning.我呢,从一开始就不赞成。3).They(theeyes)werethesamecolourasthesea,cheerfulandundefeated.那双眼睛啊,像海水一样的蓝,令人愉快,毫不沮丧4).Aredsunisrisingslowlyonthehorizon.一轮红日正从地平线上冉冉升起。5).AstreamwaswindingitswaythroughthevalleyinintotheDaduriver.一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷,汇合到大渡河去了。6)Thistoowasacomplicatelie.这也纯粹是一派胡言。7).Once,theyhadaquarrel.有一次,他们争吵了一番。8).Seeingisbelieving.百闻不如一见。9).Theessenceremainsitsidentitywhileappearancesmayvary.万变不离其宗。10)Man,was,isandalwayswillbetryingtoimprovehislivingconditions.人类过去、现在而且将来总是在尽力改善生活条件。(二)汉译英常用的增益法A.增词明确原意1.我早晨起床后的第一件事是收拾房间。ThefirstthingIdowhenIgetupinthemorningistotidyuptheroom.2.意大利著名旅行家马可·波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州:……Afamousanc