The Application of Cooperative Principle to Englis

济南大学毕业论文-1-TheApplicationofCooperativePrincipletoEnglishLanguageTeaching1.0IntroductionAsoneofthemostimportantlanguage,Englishplaysanirreplaceablepartintheworldcultureexchange;therefore,theeffectoflearningEnglishisself-evident.However,inthosecountrieswhoregardEnglishasasecondlanguage,Englishlearningmainlydependsontheteacher’sexplanation,asaresult,Englishlanguageteaching(ELT)ismoreimportantinthosenon-Englishcountries.ChinesestartedEnglishlearningveryearly.InthetraditionalEnglishclass,mostoftheteachersoccupythecentralpositionandfocusedonhowtomakestudentsgetahighmarkinexaminationratherthanactualcommunication.Duetothedeepinfluenceoftraditionaleducation,thephenomenathattheteacheractsasthecenterpartoftheclassactivitydidnotcompletelychange.Inmostcases,teacherskeepsayingthewholeclassandthestudentsstudypassively,whichleadstothefactthatstudentslackpowerinEnglishlearningandshortofstudyefficiency.Thusthereislesscommunicationandinteractiontotallyevenbetweenteachersandstudentsortheinteractionduringstudents.Linguistsproposedalotofrelevanttheories,whichisagreathelptoEnglishlanguageteachingandtheCooperativePrincipleisoneofthem.AmericanlinguistGriceputforwardCooperativePrincipleinthe1960s.TheprinciplewasintroducedintoEnglishlanguageteachingrapidly,andachievedgoodresults.Itplaysagreatpartinbreakingupthetraditionalteachingconcepts.Asanimportanttheoryinpragmatics,thetheoryofCooperativePrinciplewasfirstintroducedtoChinabyHuZhuanglinin1980,andgraduallybecamethemainstreamofstudyofcommunicationathome.OnthebasisofthetheoryofCooperativePrinciple,thisthesisaimstomakeclearthefollowingtwopoints:First,isitnecessarytointroduceCooperativePrincipleintoEnglishlanguageteaching?Second,HowtoapplyittoELT?Inthisthesis,abriefintroductionismadeatfirsttohelpclarifytheunderstandingofCooperativePrinciple.Thenthethesis济南大学毕业论文-2-illustratesthenecessityoftheapplicationofCooperativePrincipletoELT.Finally,somestrategiesconcerningtheapplicationofCooperativePrincipleareputforwardtohelpteachershaveadeepunderstandingofthisprincipleandhelpstudentsadvancetheirEnglishlearninginterests.2.0AnIntroductiontoCooperativePrincipleTheCooperativePrinciple,abbreviatedasCP,isfollowedreasonablynotcompulsorily.SincethetheoryofCooperativePrincipleservesasoneofthecentralanalyticalelementsandtheoreticalfoundationforthisthesis,itisnecessaryforustohaveacomprehensiveunderstandingofthisprinciple.2.1NotionofCooperativePrincipleGrice,anAmericaphilosopheroflanguage,wasthefirstpersonwhoproposedthetheoryofCooperativePrincipleonaspeechatHarvardUniversityin1967.ThebasicassumptionofGrice’stheoryisthatanyconversation,whetherwrittenorspoken,isajointeffortofthespeakerandtheaddressee,andbothofthemhavetofollowcertainrulesinordertocommunicateeffectively.Basedontheassumptionthatinterlocutorscooperatewitheachotherinmostcircumstance,ageneralprinciplewhichtheparticipantsofaconversationareexpectedtoobserverunsasfollows:“Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged”(Grice,2002:26).AccordingtoGrice(Grice,2002),aspeakercommunicateswhathisorherwordssaynotbyencodingthemlinguistically,butbyprovidingevidenceofhisorherintentiontoexpressthem.Ashepointsout,ifsomeonecaresaboutthegoalsordirectionssetbytheparticipantinaconnectionorgeneraltransaction,hewillbeexpectedtohaveaninterestinthecaseandparticipateinfurtheractions.Thecommoninterestinacommunicationisveryimportant.Ifonesideinaconversationlacksinterest,whentheconversationcontinues,theothersidewillbemisled,andtheconversationwillbeinfluenced.2.2MaximofCooperativePrincipleTospecifytheCooperativePrinciplefurther,Gricebreaksitdownfurtherintomore济南大学毕业论文-3-detailedandexplicitsub-maximsbyborrowingfromtheGermanphilosopherImmanualKant’sfourcategories,namely,themaximofquantity,quality,relationandmanner.AccordingtoGrice,thecontentofeachmaximisasfollows:1.Quantitymaxima.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).b.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanthatisrequired.2.QualitymaximTrytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.a.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.b.Donotsaywhatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.3.RelationmaximBerelevant.4.Mannermaxima.Avoidobscurityofexpression.b.Avoidambiguity.c.Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).d.Beorderly.(Grice,2002:26-27)Inaword,theprinciplerequirestheconversationtobepreciselyinformative,truthful,relevantandexplicit.ItisinterestingandimportanttonotethatwhileconversationparticipantsnearlyalwaysobservetheCooperativePrinciple,theydonotalwaysobservethesemaximsstrictly.AssumingthattheCooperativePrincipleisatworkinmostconversations,wecanseehowhearerswilltrytofindmeaninginutterancesthatseemmeaninglessorirrelevant.2.3DevelopmentofCooperativePrincipleComparedwithGrice’sCooperativePrinciple,HornreducedGrice’smaximsandproposedthefollowingtwoprinciples:1.TheQ-principle(Hearer-based):Makeyoucontributionsufficient,andsayasmuch济南大学毕业论文-4-asyoucan(givenR).2.TheR-principle(Speaker-based):Saynomorethanyoumust(givenQ).(Hor