计算机组成原理课件英文版第一章

Chapter1ComputerAbstractionsandTechnologyChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—2TheComputerRevolutionProgressincomputertechnologyUnderpinnedbyMoore’sLawWhatisMoore’sLaw???Moore'slawdescribesalong-termtrendinthehistoryofcomputinghardware.Thequantityoftransistorsthatcanbeplacedinexpensivelyonanintegratedcircuithasdoubledapproximatelyeverytwoyears.§1.1IntroductionMoore’sLawChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—3Thetrendhascontinuedformorethanhalfacenturyandisnotexpectedtostopuntil2015orlater.Chapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—4TheComputerRevolutionMakesnovelapplicationsfeasibleComputersinautomobiles§1.1IntroductionChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—5TheComputerRevolutionMakesnovelapplicationsfeasibleCellphones§1.1IntroductionChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—6TheComputerRevolutionMakesnovelapplicationsfeasibleHumangenomeprojectWorldWideWebSearchEngines§1.1IntroductionChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—7TheComputerRevolutionComputersarepervasive§1.1IntroductionChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—8ClassesofComputersQuestion:Howdoyouclassifycomputers?DesktopComputersServerComputersEmbeddedComputersChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—9ClassesofComputersDesktopcomputersPCGeneralpurpose,varietyofsoftwareSubjecttocost/performancetradeoffChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—10ClassesofComputersServercomputersNetworkbasedHighcapacity,performance,reliabilityRangefromsmallserverstobuildingsizedWorld’ssmallestwebserverChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—11ClassesofComputersEmbeddedcomputersHiddenascomponentsofsystemsStringentpower/performance/costconstraintsChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—12TheProcessorMarketChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—13WhatYouWillLearnHowprogramsaretranslatedintothemachinelanguageAndhowthehardwareexecutesthemThehardware/softwareinterfaceWhatdeterminesprogramperformanceAndhowitcanbeimprovedHowhardwaredesignersimproveperformanceWhatisparallelprocessingChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—14LevelsofProgramCodeHigh-levellanguageLevelofabstractionclosertoproblemdomainProvidesforproductivityandportabilityAssemblylanguageTextualrepresentationofinstructionsHardwarerepresentationBinarydigits(bits)EncodedinstructionsanddataChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—15BelowYourProgramApplicationsoftwareWritteninhigh-levellanguage(HLL)SystemsoftwareCompiler:translatesHLLcodetomachinecodeOperatingSystem:servicecodeHandlinginput/outputManagingmemoryandstorageSchedulingtasks&sharingresourcesHardwareProcessor,memory,I/Ocontrollers§1.2BelowYourProgramChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—16UnderstandingPerformanceAlgorithmDeterminesnumberofoperationsexecutedProgramminglanguage,compiler,architectureDeterminenumberofmachineinstructionsexecutedperoperationProcessorandmemorysystemDeterminehowfastinstructionsareexecutedI/Osystem(includingOS)DetermineshowfastI/OoperationsareexecutedChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—17ComponentsofaComputerSamecomponentsforallkindsofcomputerDesktop,server,embeddedInput/outputincludesUser-interfacedevicesDisplay,keyboard,mouseStoragedevicesHarddisk,CD/DVD,flashNetworkadaptersForcommunicatingwithothercomputers§1.3UndertheCoversTheBIGPictureChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—18Anatomy(结构)ofaComputerOutputdeviceInputdeviceInputdeviceNetworkcableChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—19AnatomyofaMouseOpticalmouseLEDilluminatesdesktopSmalllow-rescameraBasicimageprocessorLooksforx,ymovementButtons&wheelSupersedesroller-ballmechanicalmouseChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—20ThroughtheLookingGlassLCDscreen:pictureelements(pixels)MirrorscontentofframebuffermemoryChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—21OpeningtheBoxChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—22InsidetheProcessor(CPU)Datapath:performsoperationsondataControl:sequencesdatapath,memory,...CachememorySmallfastSRAMmemoryforimmediateaccesstodataSRAM–StaticRandomAccessMemoryChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—23InsidetheProcessorAMDBarcelona:4processorcoresChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—24ASafePlaceforDataVolatile(易变的)mainmemoryLosesinstructionsanddatawhenpoweroffNon-volatilesecondarymemoryMagneticdiskFlashmemoryOpticaldisk(CDROM,DVD)Chapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—25NetworksCommunicationandresourcesharingLocalareanetwork(LAN):EthernetWithinabuildingWideareanetwork(WAN):theInternetChapter1—ComputerAbstractionsandTechnology—26AbstractionsInstructionSetArchitecture(ISA)Aninterfacebetweenthehardwareandthelowest-levelsoftwareTheabstractimageofacomputingsystemthatisseenbyamachine/assemblylanguageprogrammerIncludinginstructions,registers,memoryaccess,I/O,…TheBIGPictureISAsSystem/360andupwardscompatiblesuccessorsz/ArchitecturePowerArchitecturePDP-11SPARCSuperHTricoreTransputerUNIVAC1100/2200seriesVAXx86IA-32(32-bitx86,firstimplementedintheIntel80386)x86-64(64-bitsupersetofIA-3