目录摘要·························································································IAbstract···················································································II第一章前言············································································11.1研究目的和意义················································································11.2国内外研究现状················································································11.3研究内容··························································································1第二章无线传感器网络·····························································22.1无线传感器网络及其特点····································································22.2无线传感器的拓扑结构·······································································32.3无线传感器网络的应用·······································································4第三章无线传感器网络通信协议概述···········································6第四章路由协议······································································84.1路由协议的分类·················································································84.2典型路由协议的比较·········································································134.2路由协议下一步研究方向···································································14第五章MAC协议·····································································155.1MAC协议研究进展············································································155.2MAC协议的主要问题·········································································155.3MAC协议的分类·············································································185.4MAC协议的分析和比较····································································185.5MAC协议下一步研究方向·································································27第六章总结和展望·································································28致谢·································································错误!未定义书签。参考文献·················································································30I摘要随着无线通信技术、低功耗处理器和芯片集成工艺的飞速发展,无线传感器网络应运而生了。由于其成本低、适应性强,功能强大等特点,无线传感器网络(WSNs)在军事、环保、生产、医药和智能空间等领域都具有广阔的应用前景,其通信协议研究面临许多新的挑战。本文着重分析了路由协议和MAC协议两大网络协议的分类,并提出未来的研究方向。关键词:无线传感器网络,通信协议,路由协议,MAC协议IIAbstractWiththerapiddevelopmentofradiotechnologies,lowenergeticconsumptionprocessorandchipintegratedtechnology,wirelesssensornetworksemerge.Duetoitslowcost,goodadaptability,powerfulfunction,wirelesssensornetworkshavewideandwillbeappliedinmanyfieldssuchasprospect,military,environmentalprotection,production,medicine,intellectualspace,andsoon.Thecommunicationprotocolfacesalotofnewchallenges.ThisessayemphaticallyroutingprotocolandMAC(mediumaccesscontrol)protocolamongthecommunicationprotocol,andraisesresearchdirectioninthefuture.Keywords:wirelesssensornetworks,communicationprotocol,routingprotocol,MAC(mediumaccesscontrol)protocol本科毕业论文(设计)第一章前言1第一章前言1.1研究目的和意义随着通信技术、嵌入式计算技术和传感器技术的飞速发展和日益成熟,人们研制出了各种具有感知能力、计算能力和通信能力的微型传感器。由许多微型传感器构成的无线传感器网络WSNs(wirelesssensornetworks)引起了人们的极大关注。WSNs综合了传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理技术和通信技术,能够协作实时监测、感知、采集网络分布区域内的各种环境或监测对象的信息,并对其进行处理,最终传送给用户。WSNs可以使人们在任何时间、任何地点和任何环境条件下获取大量详实可靠的物理世界的信息,并可以被广泛应用于国防军事、国家安全、环境监测、交通管理、医疗卫生、制造业、反恐抗灾等领域。WSNs是信息感知和采集的一场革命,在新一代网络中具有关键作用。美国《商业周刊》认为WSNs是全球未来四大高技术产业之一,是21世纪世界最具有影响力的21项技术之一。MIT新技术评论认为,WSNs是改变世界的十大新技术之一。1.2国内外研究现状WSNs作为一种新的计算模式正在推动科技发展和社会进步,关系到国家经济和社会安全,已成为国际竞争的制高点,引起了世界各国军事部门、工业界和学术界的极大关注。美国自然科学基金委员会2003年制定了WSNs研究计划,投资3400万美元支持相关基础理论的研究。美国国防部和各军事部门都对WSNs给予高度重视,把WSNs作为一个重要研究领域,设立了一系列的军事WSNs研究项目。英特尔公司、微软公司等信息工业界巨头也纷纷设立或启动相应的行动计划。世界很多国家都纷纷展开了该领域的研究工作。我国最近几年也开始重视WSNs技术的研究。国家自然科学基金委员会资助了很多WSNs研究项目,包括重点项目和面上项目。在“中国未来20年技术预见研究”报告中,有7项技术课题直接论述了传感器网络。2006年初发布的《国家中长期科学与技术发展规划纲要》为信息技术确定了3个前沿方向,其中有两个与WSNs研究直接相关。1.3研究内容本课题在介绍无线传感器网络及其特点的基础上,对无线传感器网络通信协议进行研究。其中考虑到节能是无线传感器网络设计中最重要的方面,着重对影响能耗的网络层路由协议和数据链路层MAC协议进行了分析。本科毕业论文(设计)第二章无线传感器网络2第二章无线传感器网络2.1无线传感器网络及其特点计算机网络自产生之日起,尤其是上世纪90年代初的迅猛发展,使人们的生活发生了极大的改变。通信技术日新月异。近年来,无线通信更是大行其道,各种无线通信应用层出不穷。无线通信和有线通信相比较,无需对网络通信的物理通道进行配置,具有很大的灵活性,并节约了网络设施的成本,这使得它比有线通信具有更光明的前景。全球无线通信应用的规模,将很快超过有线网络应用的规模。随着集成电路技术的发展,芯片越做越小,功能却越来越强。这为生产大量廉价的、体积很小的、具有多种功能的器件提供了保证。在无线通信技术及芯片制造技术的双重作用下,同时伴随着各种实际应用的需求,无线传感器网络的产生也就很自然了。这是一种新型的无线通信架构。现在美国的UARPA和NSF都已经设立了专项的基金对无线传感器网络的研究进行资助。美国的许多大学都有针对无线传感器网络的研究小组,而其中又以UCB,UCLA,USC的研究最为领先。以前的监控系统经常是将少量的大功率的,具有很强数据分析能力的传感装置安放在离目标有一定距离的观测点进行监控,这样获得的数据很不准确,需要传感装置具有较强的处理分析能力,从混杂的信号中分析出有用的信息。现在,可以将体积小、耗能少、造价低、但是功能却很强的传感器,高密度的分布在观测区域,从而获得全面的、精确度相当高的数据,这从根本上改变了传统监控系统的模式。无线传感器网络就是由大量的能与物理环境进行交互,同时具有数据处理功能和无线通信功能的新型传感器构成的互连系统,该系统可以完成复杂的监控任务。这里的传感器,并不是传统意义上的单纯的对物理信号进行感知并转化为数字信号的传感器,它是将感应模块,数据处理模块和无线通信模块集成在一块很小的物理单元上,功能比传统的传感器大了许多,不仅能够对环境信息进行感知,而且具有数据处理及无线通信的功能。将这类传感器节点高密度的分散在某个环境里,通过无线通信进行连接,它们就从整体上构成了一种特殊的网络。每个节点都有自己控制的一个区域,通过感知设备,如声学光学设备,化学分析装置,电磁感应装置等,对它周围的物理环境进行监控,当然也可以通过配置一些功能单元来实现特定的与环境交互的功能。无线传感器网络的特点具有以下几个特点:1、无线传感器网络是通过无线方式连通的。无线的连接具有很强的灵活性,电磁波可以进行“无介质传输”,它不需要有固定的事先建立好的节点之间的连接,而且即便网络节点的位置发生了变化,也不会太大的影响网络的连通,适合于动态的网络环境。最重要的一点是在很多复杂的环境下,根本无法事先建立节点之间的连接。比如说某些恶劣的自然环境里,生物无法生存,人类不能亲自的深入到这些地方,只能通过飞机将大量的传感器节点随机的投放到监控区。这时,无线通信方式是唯一可用的方式。2、无线传感器网络是一种分布式