Domestication-&-Foreignization

1TranslationMethods(Continue)DomesticatingTranslationandForeignizingTranslationWarming-upExercises1.AllroadsleadtoRome.条条大路通罗马foreignization殊途同归domestication2.Tokilltwobirdswithonestone.一石二鸟一箭双雕3.《梁山伯与祝英台》TheStoryofLiangShanboandZhuYingtaiTheStoryofChineseRomeoandJulietDiscussionWhat’syourunderstandingofdomesticatingtranslationandforeignizingtranslation?DomesticatingTranslation&ForeignizingTranslation1.TheOrigin①DictionaryofTranslationStudies(翻译研究词典)PublishedinUKin1997regardsthattheideaofforeignizinganddomesticatingtranslationcomesfromSchleiermacher(斯莱尔马赫).②InJune,24thof1813,SchleiermachergaveaspeechinBerlinRoyalAcademy（柏林皇家科学院）,inhisspeech,hesaidtherewereonlytwomethodsfortranslation,“thetranslatorcaneitherleavethewriterinpeaceasmuchaspossibleandbringthereadertohim,orhecanleavethereaderinpeaceasmuchaspossibleandbringthewritertohim.”(翻译只有两种方法，不是译者不打扰读者，尽可能让读者靠拢作者，就是译者尽量不打扰作者，让作者靠拢读者。)BasedonSchleiermacher’sideas,in1995,theItalianAmericanLawrenceVenutigavethetermsof‘foreignizingtranslation’and‘domesticatingtranslation’inhisbookTheTranslator’sInvisibility.Heistheonewhofirstgivethetermsof‘foreignizingtranslation’and‘domesticatingtranslation’.2.DefinitionofDomesticatingTranslationItisalsocalleddomestication,orassimilation.Itisthetranslationstrategyinwhichtransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextforTLreaders.Indomesticatingtranslation,thetranslatorisaskedtocometowardsthetargetlanguagereaders,andapplytotheexpressionsthattheyareaccustomedtoandlike,to2expresstheoriginalcontents.E.g.(1)谋事在人，成事在天。（《三国演义》）Manproposes,Heavendisposes.(YangXianyi)(异化)Manproposes,Goddisposes.(Hawkes)（归化）“天”在中国古代哲学中占据着至高无上的地位。皇帝自称“天子”；稳固统治须“顺天应民”；造反者号称要“替天行道”。“天”似乎是一切规律、法则的总称。这样虚无缥缈不可捉摸的概念，如何让外国读者理解呢？西方也有类似的哲学思想，即“上帝”，因此，Hawkes译为God.(2)胆小如鼠astimidasahare在西方文化中，兔子是胆小的象征，而在我国，兔子却象征着机警敏捷。人们常说：“静若处子，动若脱兔。”鼠在我国才是胆小的象征，所以翻译时直接加以归化。3.DefinitionofForeignizingTranslation异化Itisalsocalledforeignization,ordissimilationmethod,oralienation,orminoritizingtranslation.ItisatermusedtodesignatethetypeoftranslationinwhichaTTisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsorretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal.Inforeignizingtranslation,atranslatorisrequiredtoapproachtheauthor,andemploytheexpressionstheauthoruses,toconveytheoriginalcontent.异化法：是对文化价值观的一种民族偏离主义的压力，接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景。异化法要求译者向作者靠拢，采取相应于作者使用的原语表达方式，来传达原文的内容。4.Domestication,Foreignization&Free,LiteralTranslationYoumayfindtherearesomecommonpointsbetweendomestication&foreignizationandfree&literaltranslation.Infact,domesticatingtranslationandforeignizingtranslationevolvefromfreeandliteraltranslation,buttheyaredifferentfromfreeandliteraltranslation.它们是直译和意译的概念延伸，但却不等同于，他们的概念已经远远超出了直译和意译。Thefocusofliteralandfreetranslationishowtodealwiththeformandmeaninginthelinguisticstructuralformsoftheoriginal,butthecontributionofdomesticationandforeignizationbreakthroughtherestrictionoflanguageandconsidersuchaspectaslanguage,cultureandaesthetics.（直译和意译所关注的是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义，而异化和归化则突破了语言因素的局限，将视野扩展到语言、文化、美学等因素）5.主张归化的翻译家：严复、林纾、朱生豪、张谷芳、傅东华、杨必3主张异化的翻译家：鲁迅6.ExamplesofDomestication由于文化上的差异，英译汉时有时直译原文就会使译入语读者感到费解，甚至误解。这时，就有必要借用汉语中意义相同或相近、且具有自己鲜明文化色彩的表达法对原文加以归化。归化翻译法常用于处理某些英语成语、典故、形象词语等一类文化色彩较浓的表达方式。恰倒好处地归化可以使译文地道简洁、生动活泼，便于译入语读者理解和接受。例如：(1)Oncethewifeofaparson,alwaysthewifeofaparson.嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。(2)Amongtheblindtheone-eyedmanisKing.山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。(3)ThenewSecretarydoeswell,“Newbroomssweepclean.”新任秘书干得好，“新官上任三把火”(4)Hewassofondoftalkingthathiscomradesnicknamedhimmagpie.他如此唠叨，同伴们给他起了个“麻雀”的外号.（英语中“喜鹊”喻义“唠叨、饶舌”,但在汉语中“喜鹊“却象征着“喜事、吉祥”,而“麻雀”表示“唠叨、饶舌”,所以用归化法.）(5)HighbuildingsandlatemansionsarespringinguplikemushroomsinBeijing.在北京，高楼大厦犹如雨后春笋般涌现。Note采用归化时,要避免走极端,不要用汉语民族文化色彩太浓的词（如:历史人物、地理名词等）来归化英语习语,否则译文会让人感觉不伦不类。IsupposedIshouldbecondemnedinHaretonEarnshaw’sheart,ifnotbyhismouth,tothelowestpitintheinfernalregions…..(WutheringHeights)我想，哈雷顿.厄恩肖即便嘴里不说，心里也要诅咒我下到十八层地狱里去….“十八层地狱”isthetermusedinBuddhism.However,thespeakerinthenovelWutheringHeightsbelievesinChristianity.Sothespeakercannotsaythetermlike“十八层地狱”。译：我想，哈雷顿.厄恩肖即便嘴里不说，心里也要诅咒我下到地狱的最底层里去….7.ExamplesofForeignization为了保留原文的异域性，在不影响读者阅读的前提下，译者也常采用异化法，打破目标语言常规的翻译。(1)心比比干多一窍，病如西子胜三分。（《红楼梦》）ShelookedmoresensitivethanPikan,moredelicatethanHisShih.(Yang)ShehadmorechambersinheartthanthemartyredBiGan;andsufferedatithemorepaininitthanthebeautifulXiShi.(Hawkes)两位大师均采用异化法，生动、惟妙。林黛玉的聪明与美貌在比干和西施的映衬下呼之欲出。4(2)“你不认得他，他是我们这里有名的一个泼皮破落户，南省俗谓作‘辣子’，你只叫他‘凤辣子’就是了。”（《红楼梦》）Youdon’tknowheryet.”“She’stheterrorofthishouse.Inthesouththey’dcallherHotPepper.JustcallherFieryPhoenix.”(Yang)“Youdon’tknowher.”“She’saholyterrorthisone.WhatweusedtocallinNankinga‘peppercorn’.Youjustcallher‘PeppercornFeng’.She’llknowwhatyoumean.(Hawkes)王熙凤泼辣能干，精于算计，她在贾府的地位无人能及。贾母给她的外号虽说不雅，但却是她的殊荣。杨、霍二人对“凤辣子”的翻译都采用了异化法，十分传神地再现了王熙凤的性格。(3)真是“天又不测风云，人有旦夕祸福”Truly,“Stormsgatherwithoutwarninginnature,andbadluckbefallsmenovernight.”(Yang)8.ComparisonbetweenDomesticationandForeignizationAdvantagesofDomestication:(1)不会将源语文化的体系强加给目的语读者；(2)不会因文化冲突带来误解；(3)不会对读者的智力水平提出过高的要求，尽量将原语文化接近目的语读者的世界。Advantagesofforei