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Lesson1IntroductiontoControlSystems1.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese.（1）In1922Minorskyworkedonautomaticcontrollersforsteeringshipsandshowedhowstabilitycouldbedeterminedfromthedifferentialequationsdescribingthesystem.1922年，Minorsky开发了用于轮船驾驶的自动控制器，并指出根据描述系统的差分方程确定系统稳定性的方法。（2）Ahomeheatingsysteminwhichathermostatisthecontrollerisanexampleofanautomaticregulatingsystem.家用供暖系统是自动调节系统的实例，其中的温度调节装置就是控制器。（3）Anenginewhichrejectednoheatandwhichconvertedalltheheatabsorbedtomechanicalworkwouldthereforebeperfectlyconsistentwiththefirstlawofthermodynamics.一台不散热并且把吸收的所有热量都转换为机械功的机器就与热力学第一定律完全一致。（4）Inshort,arobotcandothedirtywork－thedull,repetitious,dehumanizingandsometimesdangerousworkthathumanswon’torshouldn’tdo.简言之，机器人能干脏活，即那些人们不愿意或不该做的枯燥的、重复性的、呆板且有时有危险的活。（5）Controlistheabilitytodecideorstronglyinfluencethebehaviorandthoughtsofothers.控制是决定或强烈影响别人行为和思想的能力。（6）Hewasthrownintoconfusionbytheunexpectedresultsintheexperiment.意想不到的实验结果使他迷惑不解。2.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.（1）变化的电流以每秒绕地球8圈以上的速度在电话线上传播。Varyingcurrentstraveloverthetelephonelinesatthespeedofover8circlespersecondaroundtheearth.（2）自动控制是一种提高生产率的重要手段。Automaticcontrolisanimportantmeasureofimprovingproductivity.（3）反馈控制系统借助于参考输入和输出的偏差来实现相应的控制功能。Thefeedbackcontrolsystemcarriesoutthecorrespondingcontrolfunctionsbymeansofthedeviationofthereferenceinputandtheoutput.（4）控制的手段多种多样，在实际应用中应根据具体情况灵活地选择适当的控制方式。Therearevariouscontrolmeasures,andthepropercontrolmodeshouldbeneatlyselectedaccordingtothespecificconditionsinthepracticalapplication.（5）超导体在电气应用上的重要性不能被估计过高。Theimportanceofsuperconductorintheusesofelectricitycannotbeoverestimated.Lesson2IntroductionstoMathematicalModelsofPhysicalSystems1.PutthefollowingintoChinese.（1）Theequationscanbeobtainedbyutilizingphysicallawsgoverningaparticularsystem,forexample,Newton’slawsformechanicalsystems,Kirchhoff’slawsforelectricalsystems,etc.通过应用支配特定系统的物理规律能获得其方程。例如，牛顿定律适用于机械系统，克希霍夫定律适用于电气系统等等。（2）Inanexperimentalinvestigationofadynamicsystem,ifcauseandeffectareproportional,thusimplyingthattheprincipleofsuperpositionholds,thenthesystemcanbeconsideredlinear.在线性系统的试验研究中，如果因果关系成比例，就表示叠加原理是适用的，该系统就可认为是线性系统。（3）Systemsthatarerepresentedbydifferentialequationswhosecoefficientsarefunctionsoftimearecalledlineartime-varyingsystems.采用微分方程描述的系统，如果方程的系数是时间的函数，那就属于线性时变系统。（4）Actually,0oCisindeedthelowerlimittotemperaturescapableofbeingattained.事实上，零摄氏度确实就是所能达到的温度的下限。（5）Theelements,ifarrangedaccordingtotheiratomicweight,exhibitanevidentperiodicityofproperties.2.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.（1）微分方程是表示函数和它们的导数关系的方程。Thedifferentialequationsareequationsthatdescriberelationsbetweenthefunctionsandtheirderivatives.（2）数学模型是对一个实际物理系统动态特性的数学描述，微分方程和传递函数是最常用的形式。Themathematicalmodelisamathematicaldescriptionofthedynamiccharacteristicsofapracticalphysicalsystem,andthedifferentialequationandthetransferfunctionarethemostcommonlyusedforms.（3）金属的导热率比玻璃高几百倍。Thethermalconductivityofmetalsisasmuchasseveralhundredtimesthatofglass.（4）磁力线只要有可能就会通过铁或其他磁性材料。Magneticlineofforcewill，wheneverpassable,travelthroughironorothermagneticmaterials.（5）与旧式机器相比，主要优点是重量减少了四分之三。Theprincipaladvantagesovertheold-fashionedmachineisfour-foldreductioninweight.Lesson3BasicControlActionsandIndustrialAutomaticControls(1)1.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese.（1）Weshallgiveabriefdiscussionofmethodsforreducingtheeffectsofexternaldisturbancesonthesystemperformance.我们将简要讨论一下降低外部干扰对系统性能影响的方法。（2）Whatkindofcontrollertousemustbedecidedbythenatureoftheplantandtheoperatingconditions,includingsuchconsiderationsassafety,availability,reliability,accuracy,weight,andsize.采用的控制器的类型必须根据对象及其工作条件来确定，包括安全性、实用性、可靠性、准确性、重量和体积等方面的考虑。（3）Thesearethemachinesandproductsthatscientistsandtechnologistsdevelop.这些就是科学家和技术人员研制（不译为“发展”）的机器和产品。（4）Anintricatenetworkofthecomputersystemrunsthismodernpetroleumrefinery.计算机系统的复杂网络管理着这个现代化的炼油厂。（5）Likemosthardmaterials,diamondsarequitebrittleandcannotstandmuchshake.像大多数硬质材料一样，金刚石很脆，经不起猛烈冲击。（不译为“震动”）2.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.（1）这种在两个极限位置之间的振荡输出是系统在双位控制下的典型动态响应特性。Suchoutputoscillationbetweentwolimitsisatypicalresponsecharacteristicofasystemundertwo-positioncontrol.（2）机器的速度可通过内部的微型计算机自动调节得同包装速度一致。Themachinespeedcanbeautomaticallyregulatedtobeinaccordancewiththepackingspeedbymeansoftheinnermicrocomputer.（3）铸造是把原材料加工成成品的最简便方法。Thesmartestdistancebetweenrawmaterialandafinishedpartiscasting.（4）这些真空管将在输出级得到应用。Thesevacuumtubeswillseeuseintheoutputstage.Lesson4BasicControlActionsandIndustrialAutomaticControls(2)1.PutthefollowingintoChinese.（1）Whatevertheactualmechanismmaybeandwhatevertheformoftheoperatingpower,theproportionalcontrollerisessentiallyanamplifierwithanadjustablegain.不管实际结构如何，也不管工作的动力形式怎样，比例控制器实际上就是增益可调的放大器。（2）ThederivativetimeTdisthetimeintervalbywhichtherateactionadvancestheeffectoftheproportionalcontrolaction.微分时间Td是微分作用超前于比例控制作用的时间间隔。（3）Ifthetimeconstantsofameasuringelementarenegligiblysmallcomparedwithothertimeconstantsofthecontrolsystem,thetransferfunctionofthemeasuringelementsimplybecomesaconstant.与控制系统的其他时间常数相比，如果测量元件的时间常数小得可以忽略，其传递函数就变成了常数。（4）Thefirstrocketreachestheendofitsfli