Gas turbine handbook principles and practices

iGasTurbineHandbook:PrinciplesandPractices3rdEditionThispageintentionallyleftblankiiiGasTurbineHandbook:PrinciplesandPractices3rdEditionbyTonyGiampaolo,MSME,PEivLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataGiampaolo,Tony,1939-Gasturbinehandbook:principlesandpractices/byTonyGiampaolo.--3rded.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-88173-515-9(print)--ISBN0-88173-516-7(electronic)1.Gas-turbines--Handbooks,manuals,etc.I.Title.TJ778.G482006621.43'3--dc222005055216Gasturbinehandbook:principlesandpracticesbyTonyGiampaolo--ThirdEdition©2006byTheFairmontPress.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechani-cal,includingphotocopy,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsys-tem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.PublishedbyTheFairmontPress,Inc.700IndianTrailLilburn,GA30047tel:[phone];fax:[phone]:[e-mail]&FrancisLtd.23-25BladesCourtDeodarRoadLondonSW152NU,UKE-mail:[e-mail]esofAmerica109876543210-88173-515-9(TheFairmontPress,Inc.)0-8493-9056-7(Taylor&FrancisLtd.)Whileeveryeffortismadetoprovidedependableinformation,thepublisher,authors,andeditorscannotbeheldresponsibleforanyerrorsoromissions.vDedicationThisbookisdedicatedtomywifeGay.Wehavebeenmarriedover44yearsandhaveknowneachotherforcloseto50years.ShehasaccompaniedmefromcoasttocoastoftheUSAandtoSaudiArabia,tomakeahomeforourchildrenandme.Icanhonestlysaysheregardedthesemovesasadventures,andanticipatedeachonewithexcite-mentandenthusiasm.Ithankherforhersupport,hercompanion-ship,andherlove—sheismysoulmate.ThispageintentionallyleftblankviiContentsPREFACE...............................................................................................xiACKNOWLEDGMENTS.....................................................................xiiiChapter1—THEGASTURBINEEVOLUTION................................1History...................................................................................1TechnicalImprovements.......................................................7Chapter2—APPLICATIONS...............................................................11JetEngines...................................................................................11MechanicalDrive.........................................................................15Chapter3—HARDWARE....................................................................23SimilaritiesandDifferences.......................................................23Compressors................................................................................27Turbines.......................................................................................27Combustors..................................................................................35BearingDesign............................................................................39Chapter4—GASTURBINESYSTEMSTHEORY.............................45GasTurbineOperatingCycle.....................................................45ComponentEfficiencies...............................................................49Compressor..................................................................................52BurnerSection.............................................................................64Turbine.........................................................................................66Chapter5—GASTURBINECONTROLS..........................................71GasTurbineControls..................................................................71Chapter6—ACCESSORIES(LubeOil,Coolers,Power)...................85StartingSystems.........................................................................85IgnitionSystems..........................................................................90LubricationSystems...................................................................94CharacteristicsofLubeOils.....................................................100Chapter7—PARAMETERCHARACTERISTICS............................105Vibration....................................................................................105viiiVibrationMeasurement............................................................107ExhaustGasTemperature(EGT).............................................109RotorSpeed................................................................................109OilPressure&Temperature......................................................111Chapter8—GASTURBINEINLETTREATMENT..........................115TheEnvironment.......................................................................115InletAirFilters...........................................................................117FilterandGasTurbineMatch..................................................122InletAirCooling...........................................